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Retinal dysfunction and refractive errors: an electrophysiological study of children

D I Flitcroft¹, G G W Adams², A G Robson³ and G E Holder³

¹ Department of Ophthalmology, The Children’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
² Paediatric Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
³ Electrophysiology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Ian Flitcroft
Department of Ophthalmology, The Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin D1, Ireland; ian{at}flitcroft.com

Aims: To evaluate the relation between refractive error and electrophysiological retinal abnormalities in children referred for investigation of reduced vision.

Methods: The study group comprised 123 consecutive patients referred over a 14 month period from the paediatric service of Moorfields Eye Hospital for electrophysiological investigation of reduced vision. Subjects were divided into five refractive categories according to their spectacle correction: high myopia (–6D), low myopia (>–6D and –0.75D), emmetropia (>–0.75 and <1.5D), low hyperopia (1.5 and <6D), and high hyperopia (6D). Patients with a specific diagnosis at the time of electrophysiological testing were excluded. Only the first member of any one family was included if more than one sibling had been tested. All tests were performed to incorporate ISCEV standards, using gold foil corneal electrodes where possible. In younger patients skin electrodes and an abbreviated protocol were employed.

Results: The mean age of patients was 7.1 years with an overall incidence of abnormal electrophysiological findings of 29.3%. The incidence of abnormality was higher in high ametropes (13/25, 52%) compared to the other groups (23/98, 23.5%). This difference was statistically significant (² test, p = 0.005). There was also a significant association between high astigmatism (>1.5D) and ERG abnormalities (18/35 with high astigmatism v 20/88 without, ² test, p = 0.002). There was no significant variation in frequency of abnormalities between low myopes, emmetropes, and low hyperopes. The rate of abnormalities was very similar in both high myopes (8/15) and high hyperopes (5/10).

Conclusions: High ametropia and astigmatism in children being investigated for poor vision are associated with a higher rate of retinal electrophysiological abnormalities. An increased rate of refractive errors in the presence of retinal pathology is consistent with the hypothesis that the retina is involved in the process of emmetropisation. Electrophysiological testing should be considered in cases of high ametropia in childhood to rule out associated retinal pathology.

Abbreviations: PERG, pattern electroretinogram; VEP, visual evoked potential

Keywords: electrophysiology; myopia; hyperopia; retinal dystrophy

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