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Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:963-967 doi:10.1136/bjo.84.9.963
  • Original Article
    • Clinical science

Long term follow up of premature infants: detection of strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive errors

  1. Nicoline E Schalij-Delfosa,
  2. Mieke E L de Graafa,
  3. Willem F Treffersa,
  4. J Engelb,
  5. Bernard P Catsc
  1. aFC Donders Institute of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands, bCentre for Quantitative Methods, Eindhoven, Netherlands, cDepartment of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, Netherlands
  1. Nicoline E Schalij-Delfos, FC Donders Institute of Ophthalmology (E03.136), University Hospital, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, NetherlandsN.Schalijdelfos{at}oogh.azu.nl
  • Accepted 13 April 2000

Abstract

AIM To establish recommendations for long term ophthalmological follow up of prematurely born infants.

METHODS 130 infants with a gestational age (GA) <37 weeks and born between 1 November 1989 and 31 October 1990 were enrolled in a prospective study about the development of strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive errors. Infants were subdivided in three groups according to GA: A <28 weeks (n=32), B ≥28–≤32 weeks (n=64), C >32–<37 weeks (n=34). Ophthalmological assessment took place at the postconceptional age of 32 weeks, at term and at 3, 6, 12, and 30 months post term. At the age of 5 years parents received a questionnaire and a majority of the children was examined again (n=99).

RESULTS At the age of 5 years 46 infants were known to have strabismus (n=29) and/or amblyopia (n=22) and/or refractive errors (n=22). Statistical analysis showed that gestational age, duration of supplementary oxygen, and duration of hospitalisation were important predictive variables for the development of strabismus, amblyopia, or refractive errors (SAR) at the age of 5 years (p<0.05). Infants with a GA ≤32 weeks had a significantly higher risk of developing SAR than infants with a GA >32 weeks, who developed an incidence comparable with the normal population. Strabismus developed mainly in the first year of life and at the age of 5 years. Most infants with amblyopia were detected at the age of 2–3 years. Refractive errors were found in the first year of life and at the age of 2.5 and 5 years.

CONCLUSION Infants with a GA <32 weeks should be selected for long term ophthalmological follow up. These infants should be screened at the age of 1 year, in the third year of life (preferably at 30 months), and just before school age (including testing of visual acuity with optotypes).

Footnotes

    Responses to this article

    • Ophthalmological follow up of preterm infants at a district general hospital in the United Kingdom
      • David C Assheton,
      • Jeremy M. Butcher
      Br J Ophthalmol published online September 9, 2009

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