Table 1
Clinical features of onchocerciasis
| Ocular manifestations | Non-ocular manifestations |
|---|---|
| Anterior segment | Skin disease |
| Live microfilariae in anterior chamber (AC) | Pruritus: often severe and unrelenting |
| Punctate keratitis, leading onto sclerosing keratitis | Nodules: subcutaneous, painless, typically found around bony prominences (iliac crest, greater trochanters, ribs, knees, coccyx, and skull) |
| Early uveitis, leading onto chronic uveitis | Severe, disfiguring skin disease: may lead to social stigmatisation, psychological and sleep disorders |
| Secondary glaucoma | |
| Posterior segment | Others |
| Choroidoretinitis, leading onto choroidoretinal atrophy or optic nerve atrophy | Lymphatic: lymphadenopathy, hanging groin |
| Acute optic neuritis, leading onto optic atrophy | Unknown associations: hyposexual dwarfism, higher prevalence of epilepsy |
| Others | |
| Night blindness | |
| Visual field loss and constriction | |
| Irreversible blindness, from any of the above |
