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Abstract
Background/aims To study the initial characteristics and response to intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Methods We reviewed the clinical records of 141 eyes in 141 AMD patients who received monthly IVR for 3 months and thereafter pro re nata (PRN) injections for 9 months as the first treatment for AMD. Patients whose best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) worsened at month 12, and those with increased exudative fundus findings after IVR or an increased central retinal thickness of more than 100 μm at month 12, were considered to be non-responders as judged by BCVA and fundus findings, respectively. Non-responders’ initial characteristics were analysed using logistic regression models.
Results 14.9% of eyes were non-responders as judged by BCVA, and 17.0% were non-responders as judged by fundus findings. Initial fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachment (PED) (OR 22.9, 95% CI 2.61 to 201) and serous PED (OR 4.12, 95% CI 1.08 to 15.8) were associated with non-response as judged by BCVA. Initial fibrovascular PED (OR 33.5, 95% CI 2.95 to 381) and type 1 choroidal neovascularization (OR 6.46, 95% CI 1.39 to 30.0) were associated with non-response, as judged by fundus findings.
Conclusions Although most AMD responded to IVR, non-responders had initial clinical characteristics that might be informative for managing their treatment.
- Treatment Medical
- Macula
- Degeneration
- Neovascularisation
- Retina
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Introduction
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy, which was first developed as a cancer treatment,1 is now used worldwide as the main therapy for treating choroidal neovascularisation (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a chronic condition.2–4 One of the anti-VEGF drugs, ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech, San Francisco, California, USA) is a recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody fragment that inhibits human VEGF, and is injected several times intravitreally to suppress the proliferation and hyperpermeability of CNV. The MARINA and ANCHOR studies3 ,4 of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) therapy showed that the average best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of AMD patients increased after monthly ranibizumab treatment, while the average BCVA after photodynamic therapy (PDT) decreased,4 launching a new era in the field of AMD treatment.
Thus, the efficacy of IVR for the majority of patients has been demonstrated.3 ,4 However, anti-VEGF therapy is not completely effective for every patient and some AMD patients still lose their visual acuity after treatment. Furthermore, a previous report showed that 45% of patients treated with bevacizumab, another anti-VEGF drug that is used off-label as a treatment for AMD,5 are non-responders, and that efficacy depends on the initial lesion size and reading ability, although this report was based on 6 months of follow-up and only BCVA was used for judging non-responders. Another group reported that 15% of an IVR group were non-responders as judged by fundus findings at month 3, and vitreo-retinal adherence was the only ophthalmic factor influencing prognosis.6 Thus, AMD cases unresponsive to an anti-VEGF drug may not be unusual. Since other therapies, including other anti-VEGF drugs with different drug designs, and PDT, are available, it would be helpful for AMD patients if the efficacy of IVR could be determined as early as possible in their treatment so that non-responders could begin other, more appropriate therapy.
In this study, we compared the initial characteristics of 141 responder and non-responder eyes of 141 patients who received pro re nata (PRN) IVR after monthly IVR for the first 3 months as the first treatment for AMD. The non-responders were identified 12 months after the first IVR either by BCVA or by fundus findings, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, with the two sets of findings analysed separately. We sought to define predictive factors for non-responsiveness to IVR as such information would be valuable for the optimal management of AMD.
Materials and methods
The study followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee at Keio University School of Medicine.
Study participants
This was a retrospective study based on detailed medical chart review. The study included 141 eyes of 141 patients with visual loss due to neovascular AMD and treated with IVR at the Medical Retina Division Clinic (AMD Clinic) of the Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University Hospital (Tokyo, Japan) between March 2009 and May 2012. All patients were initially treatment naive and had attended our clinic for at least 12 months, during which the only treatment they received was IVR. Patients who had received any previous treatment for AMD before initial IVR were excluded.
Eye examinations
All subjects underwent BCVA measurement with the refraction test throughout the course of treatment, slit-lamp examination, and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy after pupil dilation with 0.5% tropicamide.
Fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography
Fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography were performed using a Topcon TRC 50DX retinal camera (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) to diagnose AMD and determine its subtypes, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP). Angiographic grading was carried out according to the TAP criteria by retina specialists in our clinic (MS, NN and YO).7 Using fluorescein angiography, significant pigment epithelial detachment (PED) was defined according to the lesion diameter: serous PED>4 disc diameters (DD), haemorrhagic PED>4 DD, and fibrovascular PED>3 DD.
OCT
OCT was used to evaluate central retinal thickness (CRT), intraretinal oedema, subretinal fluid accumulation and PED. CRT was defined as the distance between the internal limiting membrane and the presumed retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) at the fovea. OCT was performed at every follow-up visit using an OCT-C7 (Nidek, Gamagori, Japan) or Heidelberg Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Dossenheim, Germany) instrument. Measurement was performed by referring to the scale bars in the OCT system.
Treatment with ranibizumab and follow-up
Ranibizumab (0.5 mg, 0.05 mL) was injected intravitreally under sterile conditions via the pars plana once a month for 3 months, as an induction phase. Re-injections were given if the OCT image showed evidence of any fluid in the macula, identified as macular oedema or subretinal fluid, or enlargement of a PED at the time of follow-up examinations. The follow-up was carried out every month, but when fluid or haemorrhage was absent for more than 2 months, the interval was extended up to 2 months. Any new subretinal or intraretinal haemorrhage or unexplained visual loss of more than 0.2 at logMAR score was also treated. At each follow-up visit, BCVA was measured and other eye examinations, including OCT recordings, were carried out. The average number of injections was 4.6±2.2 (including the initial three injections and additional PRN injections).
Determination of non-responders by BCVA
Initial BCVA (before the initial IVR) and BCVA at the 12-month visit were compared. Non-responders were identified as those whose BCVA had worsened by more than 0.2 in the logMAR score.
Determination of non-responders by fundus findings including OCT
Initial fundus findings were recorded at each visit. Non-responders were identified as those in whom exudative fundus findings (PED, subretinal fluid, macular oedema, haemorrhage) had increased or had appeared after treatment, or in whom the CRT increased by more than 100 μm between the time of initial IVR and month 12.
Statistical analysis
Commercially available software (SPSS, V.18.0) was used for the statistical analysis. The demographic characteristics of the responders and non-responders were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test, and statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for non-responders were estimated with logistic regression models to examine the effects of the confounding factors on the unadjusted results. In the multivariable analysis, potential risk factors for non-responders such as type 1 CNV, serous PED, haemorrhagic PED or fibrovascular PED were adjusted for age, gender, CRT and CNV size at the time of initial IVR.
Results
Based on BCVA, 21 eyes of 21 patients among a total of 141 eyes (14.9%) were non-responders at 12 months, while 24 eyes of 24 patients among 141 eyes (17.0%) were non-responders at 12 months based on fundus findings (table 1). The non-responders, as judged by BCVA, were significantly older on average, initially, than the responders, by the Mann–Whitney U test. There were no differences in gender, initial BCVA, AMD types, initial CRT or initial greatest linear dimension (GLD). In contrast, the non-responders as judged by fundus findings included more type 1 CNV.
Demographics and initial ocular characteristics
The initial characteristics of the fundus findings are shown in table 1. Non-responders as judged by fundus findings included more cases with initial fibrovascular PED and fewer cases with macular oedema than responders.
We next analysed the correlation between initial fundus findings and the non-responders (table 2). Fibrovascular PED (OR 22.9, 95% CI 2.61 to 201) and serous PED (OR 4.12, 95% CI 1.08 to 15.8) were significantly correlated with non-response as judged by BCVA, and fibrovascular PED (OR 33.5, 95% CI 2.95 to 381) and type 1 CNV (OR 6.46, 95% CI 1.39 to 30.0) were significantly correlated with non-response as judged by fundus findings, both after multivariable adjustment. Other findings shown in table 2, as well as serous retinal detachment, macular oedema and subretinal haemorrhage, did not correlate with non-response in either analysis. One non-responding case, as judged by fundus findings, with initial fibrovascular PED is shown in figure 1.
Predictors of non-responders after intravitreal ranibizumab therapy
A non-responder as judged by fundus findings with fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachment (PED). This was a 71-year-old man with typical age-related macular degeneration and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 0.3 (logMAR 0.52) at the time of initial intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR). Fluorescein (top row, left two panels, early phase and late phase) and indocyanine green (bottom row, left two panels, early phase and late phase) angiograms were consistent with the findings of the fundus colour photograph and an optical coherence tomography image showing fibrovascular PED before initial IVR (top row, right two panels). After seven IVR injections, the BCVA worsened to 0.15 (logMAR 0.82) at month 12. Although the fibrovascular PED did not change markedly, there was an increase in the subretinal and intraretinal fluid at month 12 (bottom row, right two panels).
Although non-responders were not correlated with typical AMD or PCV groups overall, details were further analysed. The distribution of non-responders according to AMD subtype, as judged by fundus findings, is shown in figure 2.
Distribution of non-responders according to AMD type, as judged by fundus findings. Non-responders are shown in black in each bar. The numbers of non-responders and responders are included in the graph. AMD, age-related macular degeneration; CNV, choroidal neovascularisation; PCV, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy; RAP, retinal angiomatous proliferation.
Importantly, there was only one non-responder with predominantly classic CNV (6.3%) and no non-responder with minimally classic type among the typical AMD cases. However, among PCV cases, five eyes with multiple polyps (26.3%) were non-responders, while no eye with a single polyp was a non-responder.
Interestingly, there were no non-responders as judged by fundus findings among the RAP cases (stage 1, five eyes; stage 2, six eyes; stage 3, four eyes), although two eyes (13.3%) of non-responders as judged by BCVA developed an RPE tear after the fifth injection, and also had fibrovascular PED initially. A case of RAP in which the BCVA improved is shown in figure 3.
A responder as judged by fundus findings with retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP). This was an 85-year-old man with an initial best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 0.1 (logMAR 1.0). Initial fluorescein (top row, left two panels, early phase and late phase) and indocyanine green (bottom row, left two panels, early phase and late phase) angiograms and colour fundus photograph (top row, centre panel) showed a typical RAP lesion. Initial central retinal thickness (CRT) measured in the optical coherence tomography image was 708 μm (top row, right panel). At month 12, the BCVA was improved to 0.4 (logMAR 0.4), all the exudative fundus findings had improved or disappeared, and the CRT was reduced to 194 μm (bottom row, right two panels).
Discussion
At 12 months after the initial IVR, 14.9% of eyes were non-responders as determined by BCVA, and 17.0% were non-responders as determined by fundus findings. The average age at the time of initial IVR of the non-responders as judged by BCVA was greater than that of responders.
Fibrovascular PED and serous PED were correlated with non-responders as judged by BCVA, and fibrovascular PED and type 1 CNV were correlated with non-responders as judged by fundus findings.
Although IVR has generally improved the prognosis of AMD dramatically,3 ,4 some individuals did not achieve effects. Yamashiro et al8 reported that 14.3% of PCV cases and 14.3% of typical AMD cases discontinued IVR therapy and started PDT due to the lack of IVR effect, and Kruger Falk et al9 showed that 15% of neovascular AMD cases are bad or non-responders. In this study, the ratio of non-responders or untreatable cases was quite similar to previous data, although the criteria for the non-responders were different. As regards the number of injections in the first 12 months, our result showed fewer injections than the CATT10 or IVAN studies.11 However, the number of injections was similar to previous reports showing an effect of IVR monotherapy at year 1,8 ,12 and the report by Kruger Falk et al9 (8.7 injections in the mean follow-up duration of 23.3 months including a monthly injection for 3 months in the loading phase), suggesting that non-response was not due to insufficient treatment. The larger number of IVR treatments in the PRN group of the CATT study may, at least in part, be due to differences in the inclusion criteria: the CATT study only includes eyes with BCVA of between 20/25 and 20/320 initially, while our study included those who had better BCVA and may have included milder cases reflecting the recent trend of rapid care with early detection.
Interestingly, fibrovascular PED was a risk factor for the non-responders as judged by both BCVA and fundus findings. This may be explained by physiology: the fibrous tissue beneath the RPE may have decreased oxygen diffusion from the choriocapillaris,13 resulting in interruption of active transport of exudative fluid across the RPE.14 This parameter was also correlated with non-response as judged by BCVA, most likely because the ability of the RPE to maintain the microenvironment would also be reduced and the photoreceptor function may have been impaired.
Initial serous PED was observed in 61 of 141 eyes, 50 of which (41.7%) were non-responders as judged by BCVA. Interestingly, detailed analysis showed that serous PED with multiple polyps did not respond to IVR in all cases. A previous report showed that an absence of serous PED or of haemorrhagic PED was correlated with decreased exudative fluid following IVR.3 ,4 Our findings are consistent with this report in terms of the negative association of serous PED with a good prognosis after IVR.
In contrast, surprisingly, all the cases with RAP had serous PED, and all of them responded to IVR with a reduction or elimination of fluid. Although the effect of combined therapy with PDT and an anti-VEGF drug for RAP has been previously shown,15 the efficacy of IVR monotherapy has also been recently reported,16 consistent with our data. Moreover, official guidelines for AMD treatment developed in Japan (‘Treatment Guidelines for Age-related Macular Degeneration’, http://www.nichigan.or.jp/member/guideline/aging_macular_degeneration.pdf) and the UK (‘Age-related Macular Degeneration Guidelines for Management’ of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, http://www.rcophth.ac.uk/page.asp?section=451) include anti-VEGF monotherapy for RAP treatment. Further study to determine the pathogenesis of RAP and compare the effects of the treatments may be important in the future as there may be differences in the underlying mechanisms of serous PED in typical AMD, PCV and RAP.
The previously reported rate of PCV eye resistance to IVR was 14.3%,8 which was similar to our data (five eyes of 43 cases, 11.6%). However, the fundus findings after IVR in the PCV cases was not uniform in this study. There were no non-responders among eyes with a single polyp, while five eyes (26.3%) among those with multiple polyps were non-responders. Whether the polyp was single or multiple may have led to the different results as the amount of abnormal vascularisation might have contributed to this difference.
Type 1 CNV also correlated with non-responders as judged by fundus findings, which may, at least partly, have been because RPE barrier function was preserved in these cases and drug penetration was insufficient. Initial type 1 CNV was not a risk factor for non-response as judged by BCVA; this might be related to the remaining RPE barrier function which would inhibit rapid progression of the AMD lesion.
We recommend that for those with characteristics of IVR nonresponse, such as serous or fibrovascular PED or type 1 CNV before initial IVR, the efficacy of IVR is estimated to be lower than the results of the clinical studies, which only report average efficacies,17 in evaluating the benefit of treatment. Patients with non-responders’ characteristics may choose other anti-VEGF drugs, or PDT at an earlier time point, which may improve prognosis since they can avoid inefficient and unnecessary treatment.
Nine of 141 eyes (6.4%) were non-responders as judged by both BCVA and fundus findings (see online supplementary table S1), and fibrovascular PED was the only predictor for non-response (see online supplementary table S2). Those non-responders as judged by BCVA and those as judged by fundus findings did not necessarily overlap, which may be an interesting finding for future study. The limitations of this study were the rather small size of the population and the different AMD types in the population. However, we hope our results will encourage further studies to establish the criteria for non-responders in order to avoid inefficient treatment and achieve benefits for patients.
Acknowledgments
We thank the orthoptists and medical staff of our clinic for technical assistance.
References
Supplementary materials
Supplementary Data
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Footnotes
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Competing interests None.
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Patient consent Obtained.
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Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.