Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and eye disease
- Noemi Lois (noemilois{at}aol.com),
- Ehab Abdelkader (ehab.abdelkader{at}nhs.net),
- Karen Reglitz,
- Carole Garden,
- Jon Ayres
- Grampian University Hospitals-NHS Trust, Aberdeen, Scotland
- Grampian University Hospitals-NHS Trust, Aberdeen, Scotland
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland
- Published Online First 25 July 2008
Abstract
Purpose: To undertake a systematic review of the literature on the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and eye disease.
Methods: Medline (1950-January Week 2 2007), EMBASE (1980 to 2007 Week 07), SCOPUS and Science Direct were searched on ETS exposure and eye disease using various combinations of the following terms: Passive smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, sidestream smoke, involuntary smoking, secondhand smoke; with eye, conjunctiva, sclera, episclera, cornea, lens, iris, retina, choroid, uvea, optic nerve, uveitis, iritis, blindness, visual loss, cataract, thyroid eye disease, conjunctivitis, age-related macular degeneration, dry eye, tears. The above terms were also used to search abstracts published on The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting abstracts, from 1995 to 2006, and the grey literature, including PhD and MSc theses/dissertations. A search was further conducted specifically on eye diseases where active smoking has been proposed to be a risk factor, including age-related macular degeneration, Graves’ ophthalmology, glaucoma, uveitis, refractive errors, strabismus, tobacco-alcohol amblyopia, non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy, Leber’s optic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. Given the scarce number of studies found through the above search, all articles found on ETS and eye disease were included in this review.
Results: Seven studies evaluated the possible relationship between ETS and an eye disease. These studies referred to refractive errors in children (n=2), cataract (n=1), age-related macular degeneration (n=3) and Grave’s ophthalmopathy (n=1). The data available was insufficient to establish conclusive relationships between ETS and these eye diseases.
Conclusion: Very scarce data exists in the literature on the effect of ETS on diseases of the eye. It seems appropriate that ETS should be included in future studies addressing the effect of smoking on eye disease.
