RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Warburg (HARD +/- E) syndrome without retinal dysplasia: case report and review.
JF British Journal of Ophthalmology
JO Br J Ophthalmol
FD BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
SP 742
OP 747
DO 10.1136/bjo.70.10.742
VO 70
IS 10
A1 M F Attia
A1 J Burn
A1 J H McCarthy
A1 D P Purohit
A1 D W Milligan
YR 1986
UL http://bjo.bmj.com/content/70/10/742.abstract
AB Warburg syndrome is a recently defined autosomal recessive oculocerebral syndrome. It was previously given the acronym HARD +/- E, indicating what were regarded as the pathognomonic features, namely hydrocephalus, agyria, and retinal dysplasia with or without encephalocele. We report the case of a male infant with the typical cerebral features of hydrocephalus, agyria, and pseudoencephalocele, but without retinal dysplasia. Peters' anomaly and optic nerve hypoplasia were the main ocular defects. We believe that anterior chamber defects and optic nerve hypoplasia are the ocular defects more directly related developmentally to the cerebral defects. Definition of ocular defects is important, since diagnosis and counselling rely heavily on ocular signs, which help to distinguish this syndrome from neural tube defects in general.