Epidemiological studies on AMD and smoking
| Author(s) | Year | Place/name of study | Disease | Study design | No of study subjects | % Male of the study subjects (cases) | Age range (years) | % Smokers of study subjects (controls) | Smoking | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Habit/ history | Inhalation | No of cigarettes | Brinkman index | Passive smoking | |||||||||||||||
| Maltzman12 | 1979 | Jersey City | SMD | case-control | 30 cases, 30 controls | 33.3 | 52–88 | 76.7* | NA | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Hyman7 | 1983 | Baltimore | SMD | case-control | 162 cases, 175 controls | 40.1 | −85 | 50.3* | ↑ | — | NA | — | — | ||||||
| Blumenkranz13 | 1986 | South Florida | DMD | case-control | 26 cases, 23 controls | 35.0 | 52.2* | NA | — | — | NA | — | |||||||
| West11 | 1989 | Maryland | AMD | cross sectional | 838 watermen | 100.0 | 30− | 78.6* | ↓ | — | NA | — | — | ||||||
| The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group8 | 1992 | Chicago, Milwaukee, Boston, New York, Baltimore | Neovascular AMD | case-control | 421 cases, 615 controls | 44.0 | 55–80 | 12.8† | ↑ | ||||||||||
| Vinding9 | 1992 | Copenhagen City Heart Study | AMD | case-control | 88 atrophic AMD, 24 exudative AMD, 661 controls | 50.0 atrophic AMD, 33.3 exudative AMD | 60–80 | 51.2* | ↑ | ↑ | — | — | — | ||||||
| Klein10 | 1993 | Beaver Dam Eye Study | ARM | cross sectional | 4771 people | 44.4 | 43–86 | 20.0† | ↑ | — | — | ↑ | NA | ||||||
| Seddon4 | 1996 | Nurses’ Health Study (US) | AMD | prospective cohort | 31 843 registered nurses | 0.0 | 50–59 | 27.9† | ↑ | — | ↑ | ↑ | — | ||||||
| Christen6 | 1996 | Physicians’ Health Study (US) | AMD | prospective cohort | 21 157 physicians | 100.0 | 40–84 | 10.6† | ↑ | — | ↑ | ↑ | — | ||||||
| Vingerling5 | 1996 | Rotterdam Study | AMD | cross sectional | 6174 people | 40.3 | 55− | 21.0† | ↑ | — | — | ↑ | — | ||||||
| Smith3 | 1996 | Blue Mountains Eye Study | ARM | cross sectional | 3654 people | 43.3 | 49− | 15.5† | ↑ | — | — | NA | ↑ | ||||||
| Hirvela14 | 1996 | Oulu, Northern Finland | ARM | cross sectional | 560 people | 35.8 | 70− | 6.2† | NA | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Present study | Japan | Neovascular form of AMD | case-control | 56 cases, 82 controls | 100.0 | 50–69 | 33.3† | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | — | |||||||
SMD = senile macular degeneration; DMD = disciform macular degeneration; AMD = age related macular degeneration; ARM = age related maculopathy. *Current and former smokers; †current smokers. — = not available: NA = no association; ↑= positive association; ↓= negative association.