Table 2

Multivariate logistic regression models of any retinopathy, progression, progression to proliferative retinopathy, and incidence of macular oedema

Incidence of any retinopathyProgression of retinopathyProgression to proliferative retinopathyIncidence of macular oedema
OR (95% CI)p ValueOR (95% CI)p ValueOR (95% CI)p ValueOR (95% CI)p Value
Younger onset:
 Pulse rate, 10 bpm1.00 (0.82, 1.22)0.980.94 (0.83, 1.07)0.31.01 (0.8, 1.28)0.951.09 (0.88, 1.35)0.44
 Duration (years)1.17 (1.07, 1.29)0.001——————
 Glycosylated Hb (%)1.53 (1.29, 1.81)0.00011.63 (1.48, 1.8)0.00011.75 (1.49, 2.05)0.00011.37 (1.2, 1.56)0.0001
 Systolic BP (mm Hg)1.04 (1.02, 1.07)0.0008——————
 Diastolic BP (mm Hg)——1.02 (1.00, 1.04)0.01————
 Retinopathy at baseline, step————1.67 (1.49, 1.87)0.00011.24 (1.16, 1.34)0.0001
Older onset:
 Pulse rate, 10 bpm1.07 (0.9, 1.26)0.431.07 (0.95, 1.22)0.271.11 (0.81, 1.5)0.521.07 (0.8, 1.44)0.65
 Age (years)0.97 (0.96, 0.99)0.010.96 (0.95, 0.98)0.00010.95 (0.91, 0.99)0.02——
 Glycosylated Hb (%)1.34 (1.18, 1.52)0.00011.39 (1.27, 1.52)0.00011.34 (1.09, 1.65)0.0061.49 (1.24, 1.79)0.0001
 Duration (years)——1.03 (1.00, 1.05)0.03————
 Retinopathy at baseline, step————1.64 (1.44, 1.87)0.00011.28 (1.17, 1.41)0.0001

  • Glycosylated Hb = Glycosylated haemoglobin; bpm = beats per minute.

  • ↵OR = odds ratio. The OR shown is that associated with each indicated increment in the independent variable.