Table 5

Astigmatism in infants: comparison between the present and previous studies

AuthorYearMethod of refractionNo of patients (age)Astigmatism ⩾1.0 DAxis
WTRATROBL
Normal infants
 Mohindra et al 29 1978Non-cycloplegic276 (0–50 weeks)45%Axis not reported
 Ingramet al 30 1979Cycloplegic148 (1 year)30%Axis not reported
 Fultonet al 31 1980Cycloplegic75 (0–60 weeks)19%18%82%0%
 Gwiazdaet al 32 1984Non-cycloplegic521 (0–11 months)52%38%43%19%
 Dobsonet al 33 1984Cycloplegic43 (0–18 months)20%20%76%4%
 Abrahamssonet al 34 1988Cycloplegic299 (1 year)100% 6%91%3%
 Ehrlichet al 20 1997Cycloplegic254 (9 months)35%81%17%2%
Down syndrome infants
 Woodhouse et al 9 1997Non-cycloplegic23 (3–12 months)26%Axis not reported
 Present study2001Cycloplegic40 (3–12 months)53%95%5%0%

  • ↵Astigmatism ⩾1.0 D was one of the inclusion criteria in this study.

  • WTR = “with the rule.”

  • ATR = “against the rule.”

  • OBL = oblique astigmatism.