Prevalence of retinopathy by characteristics of the Cardiovascular Health Study, 1996–7
| Exam year measured | Number at risk | Retinopathy prevalence % (No) | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | p Value for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHD = cardiovascular heart disease, IMT = intima media wall thickening, OHGA = oral hypoglycaemic agents. | |||||
| Sex | Baseline | 0.10 | |||
| Male | 132 | 15.9 (21) | |||
| Female | 164 | 23.8 (39) | 1.65 (0.92 to 2.97) | ||
| Race | Baseline | 0.001 | |||
| Non-black | 231 | 16.0 (37) | |||
| Black | 65 | 35.4 (23) | 2.87 (1.55 to 5.33) | ||
| Age (years) | 1997–8 | 0.825 | |||
| 69–74 | 61 | 16.4 (10) | |||
| 75–79 | 154 | 24.0 (37) | 1.61 (0.75 to 3.49) | ||
| 80–102 | 81 | 16.0 (13) | 0.98 (0.40 to 2.40) | ||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 1997–8 | <0.001 | |||
| 0–1 | 55 | 5.5 (3) | |||
| 2–7 | 91 | 13.2 (12) | 2.63 (0.71 to 9.77) | ||
| 8–12 | 71 | 21.1 (15) | 4.64 (1.27 to 16.94) | ||
| 13–50 | 79 | 38.0 (30) | 10.60 (3.04 to 36.96) | ||
| Hypoglycaemic medications | 1997–8 | 0.002 | |||
| None | 74 | 10.8 (8) | |||
| OHGA only | 171 | 19.3 (33) | 1.97 (0.86 to 4.51) | ||
| OHGA or insulin | 51 | 37.3 (19) | 4.90 (1.94 to 12.39) | ||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 1996–7 | 0.03 | |||
| 67–128 | 70 | 14.3 (10) | |||
| 129–145 | 71 | 12.7 (9) | 0.87 (0.33 to 2.29) | ||
| 146–174 | 72 | 19.4 (14) | 1.45 (0.60 to 3.52) | ||
| 175–355 | 71 | 28.2 (20) | 2.35 (1.01 to 5.48) | ||
| Total plasma cholesterol (mg/dl) | 1992–1993 | 0.03 | |||
| 105–177 | 72 | 15.3 (11) | |||
| 178–200 | 70 | 18.6 (13) | 1.26 (0.52 to 3.05) | ||
| 201–230 | 75 | 20.0 (15) | 1.39 (0.59 to 3.26) | ||
| 231–369 | 72 | 29.2 (21) | 2.28 (1.01 to 5.18) | ||
| Plasma LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 1992–3 | 0.002 | |||
| 26–94 | 69 | 13.0 (9) | |||
| 95–117 | 70 | 14.3 (10) | 1.11 (0.42 to 2.93) | ||
| 118–140 | 70 | 21.4 (15) | 1.82 (0.74 to 4.49) | ||
| 141–255 | 70 | 32.9 (23) | 3.26 (1.38 to 7.71) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (study average) | NA | 0.01 | |||
| 102–125 | 73 | 15.1 (11) | |||
| 126–134 | 67 | 19.4 (13) | 1.36 (0.56 to 3.28) | ||
| 135–145 | 78 | 16.7 (13) | 1.13 (0.47 to 2.70) | ||
| 146–184 | 78 | 29.5 (23) | 2.36 (1.05 to 5.27) | ||
| Microalbuminuria | 1996–7 | <0.001 | |||
| Absent | 175 | 12.6 (22) | |||
| Present | 98 | 31.6 (31) | 3.22 (1.74 to 5.97) | ||
| Gross proteinuria | 1996–7 | 0.01 | |||
| Absent | 257 | 17.5 (45) | |||
| Present | 25 | 40.0 (10) | 3.14 (1.33 to 7.44) | ||
| Haematocrit (%) | 1992–3 | 0.05 | |||
| 27.1–39.2 | 72 | 29.2 (21) | |||
| 39.3–41.7 | 72 | 26.4 (19) | 0.87 (0.42 to 1.81) | ||
| 41.8–43.8 | 74 | 10.8 (8) | 0.29 (0.12 to 0.72) | ||
| 43.9–54.2 | 65 | 15.4 (10) | 0.44 (0.19 to 1.03) | ||
| Serum fibrinogen (mg/dl) | 1992–3 | 0.05 | |||
| 178–283 | 70 | 21.4 (15) | |||
| 284–323 | 73 | 15.1 (11) | 0.65 (0.28 to 1.54) | ||
| 324–366 | 72 | 20.8 (15) | 0.97 (0.43 to 2.16) | ||
| 367–528 | 72 | 25.0 (18) | 1.22 (0.56 to 2.67) | ||
| Time to walk 15 ft (seconds) | 1997–8 | 0.003 | |||
| 3–5 | 157 | 15.9 (25) | |||
| 6–8 | 113 | 23.0 (26) | 1.58 (0.86 to 2.91) | ||
| 9–15 | 23 | 34.8 (8) | 2.82 (1.08 to 7.34) | ||
| Ankle-arm index | 1992–3 | 0.08 | |||
| <0.9 | 27 | 33.3 (9) | 2.15 (0.91 to 5.07) | ||
| ≥0.9 (normal) | 254 | 18.9 (48) | |||
| Subclinical disease | 1992–3 | 0.07 | |||
| No | 1994–5 | 77 | 13.0 (10) | ||
| Yes | 1996–7 | 219 | 22.8 (50) | 1.98 (0.95 to 4.13) | |
| Internal carotid IMT (mm) | 1992–3 | 0.93 | |||
| 0.66–1.04 | 72 | 12.5 (9) | |||
| 1.05–1.39 | 72 | 22.2 (16) | 2.00 (0.82 to 4.88) | ||
| 1.40–1.77 | 72 | 30.6 (22) | 3.08 (1.30 to 7.28) | ||
| 1.78–3.95 | 72 | 18.1 (13) | 1.54 (0.61 to 3.87) | ||
| Coronary heart disease | 1996–7 | 0.05 | |||
| Absent/questionable | 204 | 17.2 (35) | |||
| Present | 92 | 27.2 (25) | 1.80 (1.00 to 3.24) | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.03 | ||||
| None | 1992–3 | 61 | 11.5 (7) | ||
| Subclinical only | 1994–5 | 132 | 18.2 (24) | 1.71 (0.70 to 4.23) | |
| CHD, stroke, or subclinical | 1996–7 | 103 | 28.3 (29) | 3.02 (1.23 to 7.41) | |