Anterior segment | Skin disease |
Live microfilariae in anterior chamber (AC) | Pruritus: often severe and unrelenting |
Punctate keratitis, leading onto sclerosing keratitis | Nodules: subcutaneous, painless, typically found around bony prominences (iliac crest, greater trochanters, ribs, knees, coccyx, and skull) |
Early uveitis, leading onto chronic uveitis | Severe, disfiguring skin disease: may lead to social stigmatisation, psychological and sleep disorders |
Secondary glaucoma | |
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Posterior segment | Others |
Choroidoretinitis, leading onto choroidoretinal atrophy or optic nerve atrophy | Lymphatic: lymphadenopathy, hanging groin |
Acute optic neuritis, leading onto optic atrophy | Unknown associations: hyposexual dwarfism, higher prevalence of epilepsy |
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Others | |
Night blindness | |
Visual field loss and constriction | |
Irreversible blindness, from any of the above | |