Table 2

Self assessed visual function by drug use. The Beaver Dam Eye Study, 1993–5

	Taking	No	None of the time	Little or some of the time	Most or all of the time	p Value*
*Mantel-Haenzsel adjusted for age.
*=Mantel-Haenzsel adjusted for age. †Corresponds to the question “In general, would you say your vision was excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?”
Vision limted when:
Driving at night
High blood pressure medication	No	1777	66.74	30.95	2.31
	Yes	1137	62.80	34.48	2.73	0.258
Barbiturates	No	2878	65.25	32.35	2.40
	Yes	44	59.09	34.09	6.82	0.207
Antidepressant	No	2799	65.56	32.12	2.32
	Yes	123	56.10	38.21	5.69	0.013
Antipsychotic	No	2889	65.32	32.29	2.39
	Yes	33	51.52	39.39	9.09	0.035
Antianxiety	No	2710	65.65	32.21	2.14
	Yes	212	58.96	34.43	6.60	0.011
Benzodiazepines	No	2715	65.64	32.19	2.17
	Yes	207	58.94	34.78	6.28	0.015
Glaucoma drops	No	2807	65.30	32.24	2.46
	Yes	68	58.82	38.24	2.94	0.631
Narcotic analgesic	No	2843	65.28	32.33	2.39
	Yes	79	60.76	34.18	5.06	0.294
Aspirin	No	1758	66.78	30.83	2.39
	Yes	1160	62.84	34.57	2.59	0.134
Cardiac medication	No	2828	65.28	32.28	2.44
	Yes	94	61.70	35.11	3.19	0.940
Oral hypoglycaemics	No	2811	65.64	31.87	2.49
	Yes	111	53.15	45.05	1.80	0.045
Insulin	No	2859	65.13	32.35	2.52
	Yes	63	66.67	33.33	0.00	0.450
Multivitamins	Never	858	70.51	27.86	1.63
	Past	723	64.73	32.92	2.35	<0.001
	Current	1334	62.07	34.86	3.07
Reading regular newsprint
High blood pressure medication	No	2093	89.01	8.79	2.20
	Yes	1585	84.73	10.85	4.42	0.022
Barbiturates	No	3637	87.41	9.57	3.02
	Yes	56	73.21	16.07	10.71	0.002
Antidepressant	No	3495	87.47	9.56	2.98
	Yes	198	82.32	11.62	6.06	0.131
Antipsychotic	No	3629	87.30	9.62	3.09
	Yes	64	81.25	12.50	6.25	0.344
Antianxiety	No	3361	87.71	9.43	2.86
	Yes	332	81.93	12.05	6.02	0.011
Benzodiazepines	No	3358	87.94	9.32	2.74
	Yes	335	79.70	13.13	7.16	<0.001
Glaucoma drops	No	3516	87.83	9.36	2.82
	Yes	113	71.68	18.58	9.73	<0.001
Narcotic analgesic	No	3564	87.49	9.71	2.81
	Yes	130	78.46	9.23	12.31	<0.001
Aspirin	No	2243	87.52	9.23	3.25
	Yes	1446	86.65	10.37	2.97	0.882
Cardiac medication	No	3509	87.77	9.26	2.96
	Yes	184	76.09	17.39	6.52	0.045
Oral hypoglycaemics	No	3533	87.57	9.40	3.03
	Yes	161	78.26	16.15	5.59	0.012
Insulin	No	3586	87.65	9.37	2.98
	Yes	108	71.30	20.37	8.33	<0.001
Multivitamins	Never	1030	87.67	10.00	2.33
	Past	905	86.41	10.28	3.34	0.619
	Current	1746	87.34	9.22	3.44
Reading road signs
High blood pressure medication	No	2090	92.54	6.36	1.10
	Yes	1577	89.41	8.69	1.90	0.129
Barbiturates	No	3625	91.26	7.31	1.43
	Yes	57	85.96	12.28	1.75	0.368
Antidepressant	No	3484	91.30	7.41	1.29
	Yes	198	88.89	7.07	4.04	0.257
Antipsychotic	No	3620	91.24	7.40	1.35
	Yes	62	87.10	6.45	6.45	0.127
Antianxiety	No	3353	91.47	7.19	1.34
	Yes	329	88.15	9.42	2.43	0.156
Benzodiazepines	No	3349	91.61	7.26	1.13
	Yes	333	86.79	8.71	4.50	0.002
Glaucoma drops	No	3507	91.56	7.16	1.28
	Yes	111	80.18	15.32	4.50	0.008
Narcotic analgesic	No	3553	91.36	7.26	1.38
	Yes	129	86.05	10.85	3.10	0.109
Aspirin	No	2233	91.54	6.90	1.57
	Yes	1445	90.59	8.17	1.25	0.971
Cardiac medication	No	3500	91.43	7.17	1.40
	Yes	182	86.26	11.54	2.20	0.775
Oral hypoglycaemics	No	3523	91.51	7.04	1.45
	Yes	159	83.65	15.09	1.26	0.040
Insulin	No	3575	91.30	7.30	1.40
	Yes	107	86.92	10.28	2.80	0.250
Multivitamins	Never	1027	92.79	6.13	1.07
	Past	905	90.50	7.62	1.88	0.126
	Current	1737	90.56	8.06	1.38
Reading small print
High blood pressure medication	No	2092	73.66	21.51	4.83
	Yes	1585	68.39	23.26	8.34	0.056
Barbiturates	No	3633	71.70	22.16	6.14
	Yes	57	54.39	28.07	17.54	0.001
Antidepressant	No	3493	71.77	22.22	6.01
	Yes	197	65.48	22.84	11.68	0.081
Antipsychotic	No	3627	71.66	22.08	6.26
	Yes	63	58.73	31.75	9.52	0.149
Antianxiety	No	3359	72.64	21.49	5.86
	Yes	331	59.21	29.91	10.88	<0.001
Benzodiazepines	No	3355	72.70	21.61	5.69
	Yes	335	58.81	28.66	12.54	<0.001
Glaucoma drops	No	3514	72.23	22.05	5.72
	Yes	112	55.36	26.79	17.86	0.002
Narcotic analgesic	No	3560	71.83	22.30	5.87
	Yes	130	60.77	20.77	18.46	<0.001
Aspirin	No	2241	71.53	21.82	6.65
	Yes	1445	71.21	22.98	5.81	0.354
Cardiac medication	No	3505	72.10	22.03	5.88
	Yes	185	58.92	26.49	14.59	0.033
Oral hypoglycaemics	No	3529	71.83	22.10	6.06
	Yes	161	62.73	25.47	11.80	0.026
Insulin	No	3583	72.01	21.99	6.00
	Yes	107	52.34	30.84	16.82	<0.001
Multivitamins	Never	1029	72.59	22.25	5.15
	Past	905	70.72	23.20	6.08	0.282
	Current	1743	71.20	21.80	7.00
Recognising people across the street
High blood pressure medication	No	2094	89.30	8.83	1.86
	Yes	1579	85.18	11.21	3.61	0.146
Barbiturates	No	3632	87.58	9.80	2.62
	Yes	56	83.93	12.50	3.57	0.619
Antidepressant	No	3494	87.86	9.67	2.46
	Yes	194	81.44	12.89	5.67	0.039
Antipsychotic	No	3624	87.61	9.80	2.59
	Yes	64	82.81	12.50	4.69	0.577
Antianxiety	No	3356	88.35	9.24	2.41
	Yes	332	79.22	15.96	4.82	<0.001
Benzodiazepines	No	3352	88.63	9.13	2.24
	Yes	336	76.49	16.96	6.55	<0.001
Glaucoma drops	No	3513	88.13	9.59	2.28
	Yes	112	69.64	19.64	10.71	<0.001
Narcotic analgesic	No	3562	87.82	9.66	2.53
	Yes	127	79.53	14.96	5.51	0.031
Aspirin	No	2239	88.03	9.33	2.64
	Yes	1445	86.71	10.66	2.63	0.867
Cardiac medication	No	3507	87.97	9.52	2.51
	Yes	181	79.01	16.02	4.97	0.385
Oral hypoglycaemics	No	3528	87.98	9.58	2.44
	Yes	161	77.64	15.53	6.83	0.001
Insulin	No	3581	87.99	9.52	2.49
	Yes	108	72.22	20.37	7.41	<0.001
Multivitamins	Never	1027	89.87	8.57	1.56
	Past	904	87.39	9.85	2.77	0.005
	Current	1744	86.18	10.61	3.21
Self reported visual function†			Excellent/very good	Good/fair	Poor
High blood pressure medication	No	2101	14.33	74.44	11.23
	Yes	1588	10.58	73.55	15.87	0.164
Barbiturates	No	3647	12.81	74.03	13.16
	Yes	57	8.77	70.18	21.05	0.143
Antidepressant	No	3503	12.90	74.28	12.82
	Yes	201	9.95	68.66	21.39	0.040
Antipsychotic	No	3637	12.76	74.15	13.09
	Yes	67	11.94	64.18	23.88	0.293
Antianxiety	No	3370	13.00	74.36	12.64
	Yes	334	10.18	70.06	19.76	0.044
Benzodiazepines	No	3366	13.16	74.39	12.45
	Yes	338	8.58	69.82	21.60	0.001
Glaucoma drops	No	3528	12.81	74.35	12.84
	Yes	113	3.54	69.03	27.43	0.004
Narcotic analgesic	No	3575	12.70	74.38	12.92
	Yes	130	13.85	63.08	23.08	0.252
Aspirin	No	2251	13.15	74.81	12.04
	Yes	1449	12.08	72.67	15.25	0.128
Cardiac medication	No	3517	13.25	74.18	12.57
	Yes	187	3.21	70.05	26.74	0.001
Oral hypoglycaemics	No	3544	12.98	74.18	12.84
	Yes	161	7.45	69.57	22.98	0.006
Insulin	No	3596	13.01	74.14	12.85
	Yes	109	3.67	68.81	27.52	<0.001
Multivitamins	Never	1032	12.60	73.26	14.15
	Past	906	13.25	74.06	12.69	0.320
	Current	1752	12.61	74.37	13.01