Age (per 10 years) | 5.6 (4.6 to 6.8) | <0.001 | 3.4 (2.9 to 3.9) | <0.001 | 2.9 (2.3 to 3.6) | <0.001 | 6.1 (5.0 to 7.5) | <0.001 | 3.9 (2.9 to 5.0) | <0.001 |
Sex |
Men v women | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.2) | 0.42 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.4) | 0.79 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) | 0.90 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) | 0.13 | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.2) | 0.33 |
Education |
None | 1.9 (0.8 to 4.5) | 0.17 | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.3) | 0.74 | 1.3 (0.4 to 3.6) | 0.67 | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.3) | 0.82 | 2.2 (0.6 to 8.0) | 0.23 |
Primary | 1.8 (0.8 to 4.2) | 0.16 | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.8) | 0.12 | 1.5 (0.5 to 4.1) | 0.45 | 1.0 (0.5 to 2.1) | 0.93 | 2.0 (0.6 to 7.0) | 0.28 |
Secondary | 1.5 (0.6 to 3.5) | 0.40 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.4) | 0.34 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.9) | 0.42 | 1.0 (0.5 to 2.0) | 0.94 | 1.6 (0.4 to 6.0) | 0.52 |
Tertiary | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| p=0.14† | | p=0.15† | | p=0.15† | | p=0.68† | | p=0.17† | |
Occupation |
Production | 2.7 (1.4 to 5.2) | 0.004 | 1.7 (1.0 to 3.0) | 0.06 | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.3) | 0.41 | 2.1 (1.1 to 4.0) | 0.02 | 1.7 (0.8 to 3.7) | 0.21 |
Labourers | 2.2 (1.1 to 4.3) | 0.03 | 1.6 (0.9 to 2.9) | 0.13 | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.5) | 0.97 | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.1) | 0.15 | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.6) | 0.83 |
Clerks | 2.3 (1.2 to 4.4) | 0.01 | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.8) | 0.94 | 1.5 (0.7 to 3.5) | 0.31 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.6) | 0.31 | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.1) | 0.79 |
Home makers | 2.1 (1.0 to 4.4) | 0.04 | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.0) | 0.81 | 1.4 (0.6 to 3.5) | 0.46 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.7) | 0.35 | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.2) | 0.86 |
Others | 1.3 (0.5 to 3.0) | 0.61 | 1.0 (0.5 to 2.1) | 0.97 | 1.6 (0.5 to 4.6) | 0.40 | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.6) | 0.74 | 2.0 (0.7 to 5.2) | 0.19 |
Managers | 1 | – | 1 | | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
Housing type |
1–2 rooms | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.5) | 0.08 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | 0.61 | 1.9 (1.0 to 3.7) | 0.05 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.9) | 0.60 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.5) | 0.31 |
3 rooms | 1.2 to (0.8 to 1.8) | 0.33 | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) | 0.28 | 2.2 (1.3 to 3.9) | 0.004 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) | 0.29 | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.4) | 0.17 |
4–5 rooms and private housing | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| p=0.08† | | p=0.73† | | p=0.05† | | p=0.52† | | p=0.31† | |
Individual income, per month |
<S$1000 | 1.4 (0.4 to 4.4) | 0.58 | 1.5 (0.6 to 4.0) | 0.40 | 2.3 (0.3 to 17) | 0.43 | 1.6 (0.6 to 4.1) | 0.31 | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.5) | 0.27 |
S$1000–2000 | 1.5 (0.5 to 4.9) | 0.50 | 1.6 (0.6 to 4.3) | 0.37 | 1.4 (0.2 to 12) | 0.78 | 1.6 (0.6 to 4.1) | 0.35 | 1.0 | – |
S$2000–3000 | 0.8 (0.2 to 4.3) | 0.83 | 0.9 (0.2 to 3.4) | 0.88 | 2.4 (0.2 to 30) | 0.50 | 1.4 (0.4 to 4.4) | 0.57 | – | – |
>S$3000 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| p=0.54† | | p=0.32† | | p=0.30† | | p=0.35† | | | |
Household income, per month |
<S$2000 | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.6) | 0.23 | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.8) | 0.77 | 3.1 (0.9 to 10) | 0.07 | 1.3 (0.9 to 2.2) | 0.30 | 2.2 (0.7 to 7.3) | 0.20 |
S$2000–4000 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.7) | 0.36 | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.1) | 0.63 | 3.0 (0.8 to 11) | 0.09 | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.4) | 0.35 | 2.2 (0.6 to 8.1) | 0.24 |
>S$4000 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| p=0.28† | | p=0.93† | | p=0.11† | | p=0.39† | | p=0.29† | |
History of diabetes |
Yes, oral/insulin | 2.8 (0.8 to 9.4) | 0.09 | 3.0 (1.6 to 5.4) | <0.001 | 2.1 (1.1 to 4.0) | 0.02 | 1.9 (0.9 to 4.1) | 0.08 | 2.3 (1.3 to 4.1) | 0.006 |
Yes, diet only | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.9) | 0.96 | 1.6 (0.6 to 4.3) | 0.32 | 1.1 (0.3 to 4.2) | 0.86 | 1.8 (0.6 to 5.4) | 0.33 | 2.2 (0.8 to 6.1) | 0.13 |
No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| p=0.68† | | p<0.001† | | p=0.03† | | p=0.05† | | p=0.008† | |
History of “heart attack” |
Yes v no | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) | 0.83 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.3) | 0.32 | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.5) | 0.35 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.5) | 0.44 | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) | 0.69 |
History of stroke |
Yes v no | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.6) | 0.80 | 1.6 (0.7 to 3.5) | 0.27 | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.5) | 0.22 | 1.1 (0.4 to 2.9) | 0.91 | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.4) | 0.97 |
Hypertension‡ |
Yes v no | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) | 0.13 | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.4) | 0.85 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.4) | 0.67 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | 0.52 | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | 0.47 |
Current smoking |
Yes, >10/day | 2.3 (1.4 to 3.7) | 0.001 | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.3) | 0.08 | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.3) | 0.42 | 1.8 (1.1 to 3.0) | 0.02 | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.4) | 0.30 |
Yes, ⩽10/day | 1.5 (0.6 to 3.7) | 0.36 | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.9) | 0.71 | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.7) | 0.33 | 1.6 (0.6 to 4.4) | 0.36 | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.4) | 0.20 |
No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| p=0.001† | | p=0.11† | | p=0.60† | | p=0.02† | | p=0.55† | |
Height (metres) |
1st quintile | 2.0 (0.9 to 4.1) | 0.08 | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.5) | 0.48 | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.9) | 0.54 | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.8) | 0.44 | 1.4 (0.5 to 3.7) | 0.50 |
2nd quintile | 1.5 (0.7 to 2.9) | 0.29 | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.5) | 0.32 | 0.7 (0.3 to 2.3) | 0.38 | 1.0 (0.5 to 2.0) | 0.97 | 1.6 (0.6 to 4.0) | 0.33 |
3rd quintile | 1.4 (0.7 to 2.6) | 0.33 | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.5) | 0.21 | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.3) | 0.86 | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) | 0.79 | 1.5 (0.6 to 3.5) | 0.37 |
4th quintile | 1.6 (0.9 to 2.8) | 0.09 | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.6) | 0.99 | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.3) | 0.21 | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.3) | 0.33 | 1.8 (0.9 to 4.0) | 0.12 |
5th quintile | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| p=0.13† | | p=0.45† | | p=0.54† | | p=0.63† | | p=0.71† | |
Body mass index |
1st quintile | 1.7 (1.0 to 2.9) | 0.05 | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.8) | 0.03 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.5) | 0.47 | 2.2 (1.2 to 3.8) | 0.006 | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.4) | 0.18 |
2nd quintile | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.2) | 0.35 | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.2) | 0.25 | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.9) | 0.91 | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.3) | 0.28 | 1.7 (0.8 to 3.5) | 0.16 |
3rd quintile | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.9) | 0.59 | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.3) | 0.14 | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.2) | 0.51 | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.3) | 0.28 | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.5) | 0.63 |
4th quintile | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | 0.72 | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.2) | 0.20 | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.8) | 0.84 | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.2) | 0.29 | 1.0 (0.4 to 2.2) | 0.97 |
5th quintile | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | |
| p=0.03† | | p=0.05† | | p=0.56† | | p=0.01† | | p=0.06† | |