Prevalences of hyperopia (spherical equivalent ⩾+2 D in either eye) in Malaysia and Singapore children
| Malaysia (n = 1752) | Singapore (n = 1962) | Difference (Singapore−Malaysia) | p Value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No at risk | Cases | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | No at risk | Cases | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | (%) | 95% CI | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||||||||
| Malay | 1245 | 36 | 2.9 | 1.9 to 3.8 | 348 | 12 | 3.4 | 1.8 to 5.9 | 0.6 | −0.4 to 1.5 | 0.29 |
| Chinese | 285 | 5 | 1.8 | 0.4 to 3.1 | 1467 | 18 | 1.2 | 0.7 to 1.9 | −0.5 | −2.0 to 0.9 | 0.37 |
| Indian | 152 | 6 | 3.9 | 0.4 to 7.5 | 126 | 3 | 2.4 | 0.5 to 6.8 | −1.6 | −5.2 to 2.1 | 0.27 |
| Others | 70 | 3 | 4.3 | 2.0 to 6.6 | 21 | 1 | 4.8 | 0.1 to 23.8 | 0.5 | −2.3 to 3.3 | 0.71 |
| Age (years) | |||||||||||
| 7 | 581 | 29 | 5.0 | 3.0 to 7.0 | 851 | 18 | 2.1 | 1.3 to 3.3 | −2.9 | −4.8 to −0.9 | <0.001 |
| 8 | 601 | 12 | 2.0 | 0.7 to 3.3 | 630 | 12 | 1.9 | 1.0 to 3.3 | −0.1 | −1.4 to 1.2 | 0.88 |
| 9 | 570 | 9 | 1.6 | 0.4 to 2.8 | 481 | 4 | 0.8 | 0.2 to 2.1 | −0.7 | −1.9 to 0.5 | 0.09 |
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Male | 924 | 30 | 3.2 | 1.9 to 4.6 | 992 | 13 | 1.3 | 0.7 to 2.2 | −1.9 | −3.3 to −0.6 | <0.001 |
| Female | 828 | 20 | 2.4 | 1.2 to 3.6 | 970 | 21 | 2.2 | 1.3 to 3.3 | −0.3 | −1.5 to 1.0 | 0.66 |
| Completed education level of father | |||||||||||
| No formal or incomplete education | 46 | 2 | 4.3 | 0.5 to 14.8 | 71 | 1 | 1.4 | 0.0 to 7.6 | −2.9 | −9.1 to 3.3 | 0.10 |
| Primary education | 393 | 13 | 3.3 | 1.4 to 5.2 | 464 | 11 | 2.4 | 1.2 to 4.2 | −0.9 | −2.8 to 1.0 | 0.25 |
| Secondary education | 771 | 20 | 2.6 | 1.4 to 3.8 | 747 | 11 | 1.5 | 0.7 to 2.6 | −1.1 | −2.3 to 0.1 | 0.02 |
| Pretertiary education | 202 | 3 | 1.5 | 0.3 to 4.3 | 309 | 5 | 1.6 | 0.5 to 3.7 | 0.1 | −1.6 to 1.9 | 0.88 |
| Tertiary and above | 158 | 5 | 3.2 | 0.4 to 5.9 | 355 | 6 | 1.7 | 0.6 to 3.6 | −1.5 | −4.3 to 1.4 | 0.16 |
| All | 1752 | 50 | 2.9 | 1.9 to 3.8 | 1962 | 34 | 1.7 | 1.2 to 2.4 | −1.1 | −2.1 to −0.2 | 0.005 |