Demographic data for healthy controls, and DNR and DR groups
| Demography | Healthy controls (n=235) | DNR (n=171) | DR (n=171) |
| Sex (male/female) | 198/144 | 100/71 | 98/73 |
| Age (years) | 55.2±5.0 | 59.2±9.6† | 56.1±10.1‡ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6±4.8 (n=183) | 27.2±4.4 | 26.4±5.3 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.6±0.4 (n=183) | 7.9±1.8† | 9.0±2.1† ‡ |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.8±0.6 (n=183) | 4.5±1.0† | 4.9±1.6† ‡ |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.8±1.3 (n=183) | 1.6±0.7 | 1.7±0.9 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.0±0.3 (n=183) | 1.2±0.3† | 1.3±0.3† |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.1±0.5 (n=183) | 2.5±0.9† | 2.8±1.3† |
| ALT (IU/l) | 30–65* | 37.8±17.5 | 36.0±18.6 |
| AST (IU/l) | 15–37* | 22.0±14.0 | 21.0±14.3 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 124.0±8.0 (n=183) | 136.5±19.5† | 141.0±22.5† |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 83.0±7.0 (n=183) | 79.0±10.5† | 80.1±12.6 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | – | 10.4±7.9 | 14.8±8.6‡ |
| Current smoker (yes/no) | 43/192 | 29/142 | 14/157† ‡ |
| Alcohol intake (yes/no) | 70/165 | 24/147† | 18/153† |
| Hypertension (yes/no) | 11/224 | 134/37† | 137/34† |
Data are expressed as mean±SD.
Dichotomous variables are given in absolute numbers and tested with χ2 test.
↵* Normal value range provided
↵† p<0.05 versus healthy controls
↵‡ p<0.05 versus DNR.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DNR, diabetic non-retinopathy; DR, diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.