Association between risk factors and falls
| Falls | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | One or more | p Value* | |||
| Age | 68.2 | (7.9) | 69.7 | (8.5) | <0.01 |
| Mean diastolic blood pressure | 78.4 | (9.2) | 77.8 | (9.7) | <0.01 |
| BMI | 26.7 | (4.2) | 27.2 | (4.6) | <0.01 |
| Grip strength | 31.8 | (10.1) | 28.9 | (9.7) | <0.01 |
| Sex | <0.01 | ||||
| Male | 2886 | (47.3) | 848 | (38.2) | |
| Female | 3211 | (52.7) | 1372 | (61.8) | |
| Education | 0.03 | ||||
| Less than O level | 1602 | (26.3) | 561 | (25.3) | |
| O Level | 752 | (12.3) | 239 | (10.8) | |
| A Level | 2688 | (44.1) | 984 | (44.3) | |
| Degree | 1054 | (17.3) | 435 | (19.6) | |
| Physical activity | <0.01 | ||||
| Inactive | 2163 | (35.5) | 971 | (41.3) | |
| Moderately inactive | 1809 | (29.7) | 617 | (27.8) | |
| Moderately active | 1092 | (17.9) | 389 | (17.5) | |
| Active | 1033 | (16.9) | 297 | (13.4) | |
| IHD | 564 | (9.3) | 256 | (11.6) | <0.01 |
| CVA | 102 | (1.7) | 64 | (2.9) | <0.01 |
| ≥5 medications | 1286 | (21.1) | 637 | (28.7) | <0.01 |
| Fear of falling | 90 | (1.5) | 202 | (9.1) | <0.01 |
| Balance | 222 | (3.6) | 321 | (14.5) | <0.01 |
| PVA in better eye | <0.01 | ||||
| Better than 6/12 | 5932 | (97.3) | 2130 | (96.0) | |
| 6/12–6/18 | 131 | (2.2) | 68 | (3.1) | |
| 6/18 or worse | 34 | (0.6) | 22 | (1.0) | |
| BCVA in better eye | <0.01 | ||||
| Better than 6/12 | 6028 | (98.9) | 2174 | (98.0) | |
| 6/12–6/18 | 54 | (0.9) | 36 | (1.6) | |
| 6/18 or worse | 15 | (0.3) | 10 | (0.5) | |
| Perceived visual function | <0.01 | ||||
| Good-Excellent | 5768 | (94.6) | 2043 | (92.0) | |
| Fair/Poor | 329 | (5.4) | 177 | (8.0) | |
| Total | 6097 | 2220 | |||
Categorical variables presented as n (%) and quantitative variables as mean (SD).
*p Value from two sample t test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; BMI, body mass index; CVA, cardiovascular accident; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; PVA, presenting visual acuity.