Associations between risk factors and vision
| Self-reported vision | Visual acuity | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excellent-Good | Fair/Poor | p Value* | ≥6/12 | Less than 6/12 | p Value* | |||||
| Age | 68.5 | (8.0) | 70.3 | (9.0) | <0.01 | 68.4 | (8.0) | 74.5 | (8.4) | <0.01 |
| Mean diastolic blood pressure | 78.3 | (9.3) | 77.1 | (9.8) | <0.01 | 78.3 | (9.3) | 76.5 | (10.0) | <0.01 |
| BMI | 26.8 | (4.3) | 26.9 | (4.7) | 0.7 | 26.8 | (4.3) | 26.6 | (3.9) | 0.3 |
| Grip strength | 31.2 | (10.0) | 27.9 | (9.8) | <0.01 | 31.1 | (10.0) | 27.1 | (9.6) | <0.01 |
| Sex | <0.01 | 0.3 | ||||||||
| Male | 3548 | (45.4) | 186 | (36.8) | 3628 | (45.0) | 106 | (41.6) | ||
| Female | 4263 | (54.6) | 320 | (63.2) | 4434 | (55.0) | 149 | (58.4) | ||
| Education | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||||
| Less than O level | 1993 | (25.5) | 170 | (33.7) | 2071 | (25.7) | 92 | (36.2) | ||
| O Level | 937 | (12.0) | 54 | (10.7) | 963 | (12.0) | 28 | (11.0) | ||
| A Level | 3469 | (44.4) | 203 | (40.2) | 3573 | (44.3) | 99 | (39.0) | ||
| Degree | 1411 | (18.1) | 78 | (15.5) | 1454 | (18.0) | 35 | (13.8) | ||
| Physical activity | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||||
| Inactive | 2851 | (36.5) | 229 | (45.3) | 2952 | (36.6) | 128 | (50.2) | ||
| Moderately inactive | 2286 | (29.3) | 140 | (27.7) | 2363 | (29.3) | 63 | (24.7) | ||
| Moderately active | 1409 | (18.0) | 72 | (14.2) | 1445 | (17.9) | 36 | (14.1) | ||
| Active | 1265 | (16.2) | 65 | (12.9) | 1302 | (16.2) | 28 | (11.0) | ||
| IHD | 696 | (8.9) | 69 | (13.6) | <0.01 | 726 | (9.0) | 39 | (15.3) | <0.01 |
| CVA | 151 | (1.9) | 15 | (3.0) | 0.1 | 159 | (2.0) | 7 | (2.8) | 0.4 |
| ≥5 medications | 1760 | (22.5) | 163 | (32.2) | <0.01 | 1845 | (22.9) | 78 | (30.6) | <0.01 |
| Fear of falling | 247 | (3.2) | 45 | (8.9) | <0.01 | 271 | (3.4) | 21 | (8.2) | <0.01 |
| Problems with balance | 467 | (6.0) | 76 | (15.0) | <0.01 | 512 | (6.4) | 31 | (12.2) | <0.01 |
| Total | 7811 | 506 | 8062 | 255 | ||||||
Categorical variables presented as n (%) and quantitative variables as mean (SD).
*p Value from two sample t test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
BMI, body mass index; CVA, cardiovascular accident; IHD, ischaemic heart disease.