Risk factors for referable eye disease for individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in 2008
| No retinopathy or maculopathy | Non-referable retinopathy | Referable maculopathy only | Referable retinopathy±referable Maculopathy | p Value No retinopathy vs Referable maculopathy | p Value No retinopathy vs referable retinopathy | p Value Referable maculopathy vs referable retinopathy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 1 diabetes | 5872 | 6146 | 856 | 521 | |||
| Male sex* | 3122 (53.2%) | 3415 (55.6%) | 498 (58.2%) | 331 (63.5%) | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.049 |
| Age (years) | 35.1±16.9 | 42.6±14.5 | 43.8±13.8 | 41.8±12.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.046 |
| Diabetes duration (years)† | 7.7 (3.6–14.4) | 19.6 (12.3–28.9) | 20.7 (15.4–28.2) | 23.1 (17.0–30.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.5±1.7 | 8.7±1.6 | 9.1±1.7 | 9.4±1.9 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 126.5± 16.4 | 130.2±17.1 | 132.5±15.8 | 132.9±18.1 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.409 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 73.8±10.0 | 74.3±9.9 | 76.3±10.2 | 76.0±10.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.351 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9±5.4 | 27.2±5.0 | 27.8±5.1 | 26.8±5.3 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Current smoking* | 851 (15.1%) | 1200 (20.7%) | 159 (20.0%) | 114 (23.8%) | 0.048 | 0.003 | 0.130 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 80 961 | 29 951 | 2941 | 1187 | |||
| Male sex* | 44 615 (55.1%) | 17 535 (58.6%) | 1672 (56.9%) | 708 (59.7%) | 0.062 | 0.002 | 0.100 |
| Age (years) | 64.8±11.5 | 65.3±11.4 | 64.8±11.5 | 65.1±11.5 | 0.710 | 0.220 | 0.293 |
| Diabetes duration (years)† | 4.8 (2.4–8.1) | 7.8 (4.1–12.8) | 11.3 (6.2–16.2) | 13.2 (7.4–18.1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.3±1.4 | 7.6±1.6 | 8.1±1.8 | 8.4± 1.8 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 134.3±15.9 | 136.3±17.1 | 138.4±18.0 | 139.9±20.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.043 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 75.7±10.2 | 75.3±10.2 | 75.8±10.4 | 75.7±10.4 | 0.886 | 0.818 | 0.837 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.6±6.3 | 31.4±6.3 | 31.2±6.3 | 31.9±6.5 | 0.001 | 0.037 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking* | 10 306 (14.5%) | 3797 (14.6%) | 310 (12.1%) | 129 (12.1%) | <0.001 | 0.015 | 0.874 |
| Diabetes treatment* | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| No medication | 25 464 (31.5%) | 5729 (19.1%) | 321 (10.9%) | 111 (9.4%) | |||
| Oral agents only | 49 332 (60.9%) | 18 593 (62.1%) | 1652 (56.2%) | 579 (48.8%) | |||
| Insulin | 6165 (7.6%) | 5629 (18.8%) | 968 (32.9%) | 497 (41.9%) |
Data are means with SDs except for * which are frequencies, and † which are medians with IQR.
Referable eye disease comprises referable maculopathy (M2 on the DRS grading scheme), preproliferative retinopathy (R3 on the DRS grading scheme) and proliferative retinopathy (R4 on the DRS grading scheme).
p Values are for multivariate logistic regression models including all covariates and screening modality (retinal photography or slit-lamp).
Covariate data was complete for 78 814 (61.4%) of the individuals. Blood pressure data was missing for 31 767 (24.7%) Smoking data was missing for 15 101 (11.8%) HbA1c data was missing for 9946 people (7.7%) and BMI data was missing for 7025 people (5.5%).
BMI, Body Mass Index; DRS, Diabetic Retinopathy Screening service.