Class of drugs | Mechanism of action | Example |
---|---|---|
CD20 monoclonal antibody | Deplete B cells and precursor by recognising surface CD20 marker | Rituximab110–112 |
IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody | Binding to soluble and membrane bound IL-6 receptor and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 | Tocilizumab57 |
TNF-α monoclonal antibody | Bind and block TNF-α from interacting with cell surface TNF receptors. | Adalimumab118 Infliximab117 |
Soluble TNF receptor | A soluble TNF-α receptor-Fc protein that prevent TNF-α and TNF-β from binding to membrane bound TNF receptors | Etanercept116 |
Small-molecule TSHR antagonist | Binding within transmembrane region of TSHR, blocking signalling of TSH either as allosteric inverse agonist or neutral antagonist | Org 274179-0113 NCGC00229600114 NCGC0024259560 |
IGF-1R monoclonal antibody | IGF-1R blocking, reduces both IGF-1R and TSHR expression | Teprotumumab115 |
Antioxidant | Increase reserve for selenoproteins involve in oxidation reduction activity, eg, glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase, iodothyronine deiodinases | Sodium selenite121 |
IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TO, thyroid orbitopathy; TSHR, thyrotropin receptor.