Interval data presented as mean±SD. Categorical data presented as percentages. Cardiovascular disease refers to participants who reported no self-reported doctor's diagnosis of any of the following: angina, heart attack, heart failure, stroke, transient ischaemic attack and heart murmur. Stroke refers to participants who reported a doctor's diagnosis of stroke.

Age, age in years; BMI, body mass index (kg/m²); Dublin, residence in Dublin city or county; Other urban, residence in other urban, another town or city in the Republic of Ireland; education, level of education; family history, subjects who reported a family history of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)—family history was defined as having a first-degree relative, that is, parent or sibling with AMD; location, location of residence in the Republic of Ireland; primary/none, subjects who did not have education and those with only primary education; rural, residence in rural area in the Republic of Ireland; secondary, subjects who completed a junior certificate or leaving certificate or equivalent; smoking, smoking status of subjects classified as never (no reported history of smoking), past (past smokers) and current (current smokers); tertiary, subjects who completed a diploma, first degree or higher degree; TILDA, the Irish Longitudinal study on Ageing; VA, visual acuity; visual acuity recorded in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR)—visual acuity was measured in both eyes using an Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study logMAR chart at a test distance of 4 m; only eye with best visual acuity is reported.