Table 1

Ways in which the patient voice may be heard in healthcare (selected)

	Individual level	Collective and system level
Patient setting of the research agenda	Individual suggestions to a health professional or researcher	PPI, including: James Lind Alliance priority setting partnership Patient representatives on grant-awarding committees Awarding of grants dependent on PPI Patients as members of the research team
Patient experience of their disease and the impact of treatment	Dialogue with a health professional, for example, clinic visit PROMs	Qualitative studies Core outcome sets (COS) PROMs
Patient identification of their priorities for treatment	Dialogue with a health professional, for example, clinic visit PROMs	COS
Patient-to-patient peer support	Dialogue with another patient, for example, through PSS Online patient discussion forums	PSS-produced information resources PSS surveys of their members Research collating data from online forums
Patient assessment of quality of care	Individual feedback to a health professional or a peer	Patient satisfaction surveys PREMs Online resources (eg, reviews of services/individual clinicians)
Patient setting of health policy agenda	Individual requests to a health professional or policy maker	Patient representation at bodies such as HTA/NICE Campaigning by PSS

COS, core outcome sets; HTA, health technology assessment; NICE, National Institute of Health and Care Excellence; PPI, patient and public involvement; PSS, patient support society; PREMs, Patient-Reported Experience Measures; PROMs, patient-reported outcome measures.