Risk factors for any DR among patients with diabetes
| Any DR | ||||
| Age–gender adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Multivariate OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age | 0.986 (0.982 to 0.989) | 0.000 | 0.967 (0.961 to 0.973) | 0.000 |
| Gender | 0.939 (0.874 to 1.009) | 0.086 | 1.023 (0.915 to 1.143) | 0.695 |
| Duration of DM (months) | 1.107 (1.100 to 1.113) | 0.000 | 1.093 (1.084 to 1.103) | 0.000 |
| HbA1c (%) | 1.205 (1.180 to 1.231) | 0.000 | 1.115 (1.078 to 1.154) | 0.000 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 1.126 (1.110 to 1.143) | 0.000 | 1.074 (1.048 to 1.101) | 0.000 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1.015 (1.013 to 1.017) | 0.000 | 1.014 (1.009 to 1.018) | 0.000 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 1.009 (1.005 to 1.012) | 0.000 | 0.997 (0.991 to 1.004) | 0.418 |
| Heart rate | 1.015 (1.011 to 1.019) | 0.000 | 1.010 (1.004 to 1.016) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.010 (0.998 to 1.023) | 0.111 | 0.996 (0.978 to 1.016) | 0.709 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 1.011 (1.007 to 1.016) | 0.000 | 1.005 (0.998 to 1.012) | 0.191 |
| WHR | 1.101 (0.542 to 2.226) | 0.790 | 0.521 (0.192 to 1.411) | 0.200 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.067 (1.031 to 1.103) | 0.000 | 0.972 (0.924 to 1.022) | 0.266 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.999 (0.966 to 1.034) | 0.975 | 0.926 (0.874 to 0.982) | 0.010 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.141 (1.095 to 1.189) | 0.000 | 1.149 (1.079 to 1.224) | 0.000 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.018 (0.948 to 1.094) | 0.620 | 0.944 (0.854 to 1.044) | 0.261 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 1.004 (1.003 to 1.005) | 0.000 | 1.003 (1.002 to 1.005) | 0.000 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 1.020 (1.011 to 1.030) | 0.000 | 1.012 (1.001 to 1.023) | 0.036 |
BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; DM, diabetes mellitus; DR, diabetic retinopathy; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.