Characteristics of participants by hypertensive status
|
Subgroups |
Total |
Subgroup 1 |
Subgroup 2 |
Subgroup 3 |
Subgroup 4 |
P values* |
|
Baseline |
Normotensive |
Normotensive |
Hypertensive |
Hypertensive | ||
|
Follow-up |
Normotensive |
Hypertensive |
Hypertensive |
Normotensive | ||
|
Number of participants, % |
3188 (100) |
907 (28) |
484 (15) |
1656 (52) |
141 (5) | |
|
Number of eyes |
6376 |
1814 |
968 |
3312 |
282 | |
|
Age, years |
54.4±8.5 |
50.1±6.5 |
52.5±7.3 |
57.5±8.6 |
52.7±8.2 |
<0.001 |
|
Gender, female |
1678 (53) |
470 (52) |
261 (54) |
883 (53) |
64 (45) |
0.278 |
|
Ethnicity | ||||||
|
Malays |
1519 (48) |
365 (40) |
207 (43) |
871 (53) |
76 (54) |
<0.001 |
|
Indians |
1669 (52) |
542 (60) |
277 (57) |
785 (47) |
65 (46) | |
|
Smoking Status | ||||||
|
Never |
2235 (70) |
628 (69) |
331 (69) |
1188 (72) |
88 (63) |
<0.001 |
|
Current smoker |
534 (17) |
189 (21) |
93 (19) |
215 (13) |
34 (26) | |
|
Past smoker |
415 (13) |
88 (10) |
60 (12) |
251 (15) |
16 (11) | |
|
Body mass index, kg/m2 |
26.4±4.6 |
25.0±4.1 |
26.2±4.4 |
27.3±4.7 |
26.0±4.7 |
<0.001 |
|
Diabetes |
915 (30) |
125 (16) |
122 (26) |
639 (40) |
29 (21) |
<0.001 |
|
HbA1c (%) |
6.3±1.4 |
5.8±0.8 |
6.3±1.6 |
6.5±1.4 |
6.2±1.2 |
<0.001 |
|
Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||
|
Systolic |
137.2±21.2 |
119.2±10.6 |
127.5±8.6 |
149.8±20.14 |
139.0±13.7 |
<0.001 |
|
Diastolic |
78.9±10.6 |
72.7±7.0 |
75.9±7.1 |
83.0±11.3 |
80.9±9.0 |
<0.001 |
|
Change in blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||
|
Systolic |
0.2±19.6† |
2.9±11.2† |
14.0±16.2† |
−4.4±22.0† |
−10.3±13.8† |
<0.001 |
|
Diastolic |
−1.2±10.5† |
1.0±6.8† |
5.0±8.9† |
−4.0±11.5† |
−4.4±8.9† |
<0.001 |
|
Antihypertensive medications | ||||||
|
Neither examinations |
1782 (56) |
887 (100) |
341 (71) |
437 (26) |
117 (85) |
<0.001 |
|
Baseline only |
141 (5) |
– |
– |
121 (7) |
20 (15) | |
|
Follow-up only |
500 (16) |
– |
139 (29) |
361 (22) |
– | |
|
Both examinations |
737 (23) |
– |
– |
737 (45) |
– | |
|
IOP, mm Hg |
15.4±3.0 |
14.9±2.9 |
15.4±2.9 |
15.7±3.0 |
15.5±2.9 |
<0.001 |
|
Change in IOP, mm Hg |
−0.5±3.1† |
−0.4±3.0† |
0.0±3.1 |
−0.6±3.2† |
−0.8±3.1† |
<0.001 |
Data are mean±SD or number (%), as appropriate.
*Test for differences between hypertensive groups, based on one-way analysis of variance test for continuous variables and with χ2 tests for categorical variables.
†P<0.05. Test for differences in continuous variables between baseline versus follow-up, based on Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test.
IOP, intraocular pressure.