Examination of corneal proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans by rotary shadowing and electron microscopy
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Cited by (30)
Structural and conformational differences of acylated hyaluronan modified in protic and aprotic solvent system
2012, Carbohydrate PolymersCitation Excerpt :But then unlike the previous case, HA 155 kDa showed a two fold absorbance increase to A = 0.4, which was comparable to A = 0.4 and 0.5 observed for acylated samples Ac-HA-H with DS of 60 and 70%. The detected absorbance increase in 155 kDa HA is in agreement with the observation of hydrophobic patches in aggregated HA (Scott, Cummings, Brass, & Chen, 1991; Scott et al., 1990). No such observation was made in case of 34 kDa HA probably due to its lower molecular size.
Transforming growth factor-β1 upregulates keratan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate biosynthesis in microglias after brain injury
2009, Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :Besides these molecules, the importance of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) has been recently highlighted (Moon et al., 2001; Bradbury et al., 2002; Grimpe and Silver, 2004). Proteoglycans are a group of proteins that link acidic polysaccharides, i.e., sulfated glycosaminoglycans, of which there are three main forms: chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate (KS) and heparan sulfate/heparin (Scott et al., 1990; Johnson-Green et al., 1991). The inhibitory function of CSPGs on axonal outgrowth is largely ascribed to their covalently attached CS-glycosaminoglycans, since the ablation of CS by the use of chondroitinase ABC or a DNA enzyme as to xylosyltransferase enhances neuronal axon growth at the site of CNS injury (Moon et al., 2001; Bradbury et al., 2002; Grimpe and Silver, 2004).
Experimental approaches to hyaluronan structure
2005, Carbohydrate ResearchCitation Excerpt :The picture of HA conformation and properties that is obtained from most electron microscopic and atomic force microscopic studies is quite different than that indicated by physicochemical analyses of HA in neutral aqueous solution. When deposited on mica, shadowed, and studied under vacuum by EM, HA has a tremendous tendency to self-associate, forming networks of fibrils with diameters ranging from 2 to 5 nm to larger fibers up to 30 nm in diameter.148–156 The same behavior is often seen using AFM for HA deposited on mica and studied under butanol or in air through a thin layer of water existing on the surface of the mica.84,157–166
Extended, relaxed, and condensed conformations of hyaluronan observed by atomic force microscopy
2005, Biophysical JournalCitation Excerpt :The above view of HA as a semiflexible random coil molecule must be reconciled with other evidence strongly suggesting that ordered conformations and stable self-association can exist under specific conditions: 1), in smooth muscle cells exposed to viral mimics or agents causing endoplasmic reticulum stress, HA is produced in the form of huge cable-like assemblies linking cells together, and having specific binding interactions with unactivated mononuclear leukocytes, thus mediating the inflammatory response (de la Motte et al., 2003; Majors et al., 2003; Hascall et al., 2004); 2) x-ray diffraction analysis of oriented fibers of HA show not only extended single helices, but also a double helical form, containing antiparallel chains (Guss et al., 1975; Winter et al., 1975; Sheehan et al., 1977; Winter and Arnott, 1977; Sheehan and Atkins, 1983; Arnott et al., 1983); 3), short segments of HA (having an average molecular weight of <∼15–20 × 103) can be shown to self-associate intermolecularly in aqueous NaCl solutions (Turner et al., 1988; Cowman et al., 1998a); and 4), electron microscopic and atomic force microscopic (AFM) studies show even high-molecular-weight HA has a strong tendency for intermolecular self-association when spread or sprayed on a mica surface. Continuous networks and fibers are usually formed, except at very low (<∼1–10 μg/mL) HA concentration (Hadler et al., 1982; Scott et al., 1990, 1991; Brewton and Mayne, 1992; Gunning et al., 1996; Cowman et al., 1998a; Jacoboni et al., 1999; Al-Assaf et al., 2002; McIntire and Brant, 2002; Scott et al., 2003). The network formation can be inhibited by specific and nonspecific protein binding to HA (Fessler and Fessler, 1966; Mörgelin et al., 1988; Brewton and Mayne, 1992).
Supramolecular organization in streptococcal pericellular capsules is based on hyaluronan tertiary structures
2003, Experimental Cell Research