Development of accommodation and convergence in infancy
References (29)
Development of binocular fixation in human infants
J. Exp. Child Psychol.
(1977)- et al.
Stereoacuity for crossed and uncrossed disparities in human infants
Vision Res.
(1982) - et al.
A photorefractive study of infant accommodation
Vision Res.
(1979) - et al.
Dependence of the accommodation response on the spatial frequency spectrum of the observed object
Vision Res.
(1977) - et al.
Variability of fixations in infants
Inf. Behav. Dev.
(1990) - et al.
Development of contrast sensitivity in the human infant
Vision Res.
(1990) - et al.
Binocular fixation in the newborn baby
J. Exp. Child Psychol.
(1975) - et al.
Screening infant vision with paraxial photorefraction
Optom. Vis. Sci.
(1990) - et al.
Accommodative-convergence in young infants: development of a synergistic sensory-motor system
Can. J. Psychol.
(1979) - et al.
Binocular interactions in sleeping and awake human infants
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.
(1990)
The development of visual accommodation in early infancy
Child Dev.
Infant refraction and accommodation
Int. Ophthalmol. Clin.
Optical and photoreceptor immaturities limit the spatial and chromatic vision of human infants
J. Opt. Soc. Am.
Eccentric photorefraction: optical analysis and empirical measures
Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt.
Cited by (48)
Visual development
2020, Handbook of Clinical NeurologyCitation Excerpt :Young infants’ refraction is on average slightly hyperopic or “longsighted,” but they can focus in on nearby objects. Initially, young infants in the early months of life focus on near objects (around 40–50 cm) (Braddick et al., 1979; Banks, 1980; Hainline et al., 1992; Horwood and Riddell, 2008), but their ability to change focus to different distances improves rapidly so that by 6 months of age they can shift their focus over a fairly wide range. The initial bias to focusing on nearby objects is thought to be an attentional limitation, not a muscular one in the eyes themselves.
A child's vision
2014, Pediatric Clinics of North AmericaCitation Excerpt :The first few weeks of life are a critical time for vision development. During this critical period, visual acuity develops rapidly and depends on a visual stimulus that is equal and focused in each eye.3–5 A full-term infant should be adverse to bright light when introduced to each eye separately.
Development of human visual function
2011, Vision ResearchCitation Excerpt :These methods have the advantages over conventional retinoscopy, for work with infants and children with communicative disorders, that they operate at a distance around 1 m and so are not intrusive for the child; they measure both eyes and all axes simultaneously, and they make an instantaneous measure of a freely accommodating child, thus requiring a few seconds of cooperation for each picture and a few minutes for the entire test procedure including breaks. Photorefraction has been used in a range of research studies of refractive and accommodative development (e.g. Braddick et al., 1979; Hainline et al., 1992; Howland et al., 1978; Suryakumar, Meyers, Irving, & Bobier, 2007) and its evident suitability for vision screening has been exploited in large-scale trials discussed below (Atkinson, Braddick, Durden, Watson, & Atkinson, 1984; Atkinson et al., 2007). These are examples of exploiting new methods to improve the measurements usually made in the ophthalmology clinic – acuity, stereopsis, refraction – for young children and preverbal infants.
The use of cues to convergence and accommodation in naïve, uninstructed participants
2008, Vision ResearchAccommodation and vergence latencies in human infants
2008, Vision ResearchCitation Excerpt :The previous studies of infants’ binocular performance, in which accommodation and vergence were recorded simultaneously, collected single samples of steady-state responses at a number of viewing distances. Aslin and Dobson (1983); Hainline, Riddell, Grose-Fifer, and Abramov (1992); Turner et al. (2002) all noted instances in which accommodation and vergence levels were not correlated. Hainline et al. and Turner et al. both summarized their data with statements that some infants made accurate responses with one system and not the other in binocular conditions, implying that the relationship between accommodation and vergence was immature.
Pediatric Ophthalmology in the Emergency Department
2008, Emergency Medicine Clinics of North AmericaCitation Excerpt :The emergency room physician should always rule out a sixth nerve palsy that could mimic congenital esotropia, particularly if accompanied by other signs of increased intracranial pressure such as nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and sunsetting of the eyes [8]. Similarly, third nerve palsies should be considered when evaluating a child with an exotropia [3,16]. In general, emergent presentations of cranial nerve palsies or mechanical restriction due to orbital fractures, cellulitis, masses, or other intracranial processes can effectively be ruled out by full extraocular muscle movements [8].