Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction

A Review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 01 June 1993

Summary

In the past 10 years, thrombolytics have become standard therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Although the ability of streptokinase to lyse clot was first recognised in the 1930s, thrombolytic therapy was not used to treat acute myocardial infarction until the early 1980s, when the importance of thrombosis in the pathogenesis of acute infarction was fully recognised.

In addition to streptokinase and urokinase, recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and anistreplase were developed and widely used in the 1980s. Saruplase (prourokinase) and BM-06022 (recombinant plasminogen activator) have also undergone human clinical studies. All of these agents are effective at achieving clot lysis and coronary patency. Large, randomised clinical trials have demonstrated that thrombolytic therapy reduces mortality in patients with ST elevation treated within the first 6 to 12 hours of acute infarction, with an approximately 0.5% risk of intracranial haemorrhage. Recent data have more clearly identified which patients benefit from thrombolytic therapy.

Efforts have been made to improve the speed of reperfusion, decrease reocclusion, simplify administration and reduce adverse effects. The characteristics of fibrin specificity and more rapid clot lysis with tissue plasminogen activator have not yet been translated into overall clinical benefit compared with the less expensive streptokinase. The lack of close association of improved early patency and improved global left ventricular function with improved survival challenges the very paradigm which led to the use of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The need for development of additional methods for evaluation of new thrombolytic agents is evident.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbottsmith CW, Topol EJ, George BS, Stack RS, Kereiakes DJ, et al. Fate of patients with acute myocardial infarction with patency of the infarct-related vessel achieved with successful thrombolysis versus rescue angioplasty. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 16: 770–778, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AIMS Trial Study Group. Effect of intravenous APSAC on mortality after acute myocardial infarction: preliminary report of a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet 1: 842–847, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • AIMS Trial Study Group. Long-term effects of intravenous an-istreplase in acute myocardial infarction: final report of the AIMS study. Lancet 335: 427–431, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JL, Marshall HW, Bray BE, Lutz JR, et al. A randomized trial of intracoronary streptokinase in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 308: 1312–1318, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JL, Marshall HW, Askins JC, Lutz JR, Frederick PR, et al. A randomized trial of intravenous and intracoronary streptokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 70: 606–618, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JL, Karagounis L, Allen A, Bradford MJ, Sorensen SG, et al. Older age and elevated blood pressure are risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage after thrombolysis. American Journal of Cardiology 68: 166–170 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JL, Sorensen SG, Moreno FL, Hackworthy RA, Browne KF, et al. Multicenter patency trial of intravenous anistreplase compared with streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. The TEAM-2 Study Investigators. Circulation 83: 126–140, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JL, Becker LC, Browne KF, Shah PK, Morris DC, et al, for the TEAM-3 Investigators. A double-blind, randomized comparison of anistreplase (APSAC) and alteplase (tPA) in acute myocardial infarction: functional and morbidity results. Circulation 84 (Suppl. II): II–571, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong PW, Baigrie RS, Daly PA, Haq A, Gent M, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator: Toronto (TPAT) Placebo-controlled randomized trial in acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 13: 1469–1476, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bang NU. Leeches, snakes, ticks and vampire bats in today’s cardiovascular drug development. Circulation 84: 436–437, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barbash GI, Hod H, Roth A, Faibel HE, Maudel Y, et al. Repeat infusions of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in patients with acute myocardial infarction and early recurrent myocardial ischemia. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 16: 779–783, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bassand JP, Cassagnes J, Machecourt J, Lusson JR, Angvenot T, et al. Comparative effects of APSAC and rt-PA on infarct size and left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction. A multicenter randomized study. Circulation 84: 1107–1117, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bassand JP, Faivre R, Becque O, Habert C, Schuffenecher M, et al. Effects of early high-dose streptokinase intravenously on left ventricular function in acture myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 60: 435–439, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bassand JP, Machecoert J, Cassagnes J, Anguenot T, Luson R, et al. Multicenter trial of intravenious anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC) in acute myocardial infarction: effects on infarct size and left ventricular function. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 13: 988–997, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernik MB, Kwaan HC. Origin of fibrinolytic activity in cultures of the human kidney. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 70: 650–661, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bleich SD, Nichols Schumacher RR, Cooke DH, Tate DA, et al. Effect of heparin on coronary arterial patency after thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myo-cardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 66: 1990

  • Bonnet JL, Bory M, D’Houdain F, Joly P, Juhan I, et al. Association of tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction: preliminary data. Abstract. Circulation 80 (Suppl. II): II343, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnier H, Hoffmann H, Melman P, Bartholomeus I. Is there an effect of APSAC on blood viscosity and platelet function in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with APSAC? Abstract. Circulation 84 (Suppl. II): II524, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Borer JS. t-PA and the principles of drug approval. New England Journal of Medicine 317: 1659–1661, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bovill EG, Terrin ML, Stump DC, Berke AD, Frederick M, et al. Hemorrhagic events during therapy with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, heparin, and aspirin for acute myocardial infarction. Annals of Internal Medicine 115: 256–265, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braunwald E, Kloner RA. The stunned myocardium: prolonged, postischemic ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 66: 1146–1149, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braunwald E. Myocardial reperfusion, limitation of infarct size, reduction of left ventricular dysfunction, and improved survival. Should the paradigm be expanded?. Circulation 79: 441–444, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braunwald E. The path to myocardial salvage by thrombolytic therapy. Circulation 76 (Suppl. II): II2–II7, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braunwald E. Optimizing thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 82: 1510–1513, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Califf RM, Harrelson-Woodlief L, Topol EJ. Left ventricular ejection fraction may not be useful as an end point of thrombolytic therapy comparative trials. Circulation 82: 1847–1853, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Califf RM, Topol EJ, George BS, Boswick JM, Abbottsmith C, et al. Hemorrhagic complications associated with the use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in treatment of acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Medicine 85: 353–359, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Califf RM, Topol EJ, Stack RS, Ellis SG, George BS, et al. Evaluation of combination thrombolytic therapy and timing of cardiac catheterization in acute myocardial infarction. Results of thrombolysis and angioplasty in myocardial infarction — phase 5 randomized trial. Circulation 83: 1543–1556, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Califf RM, Topol EJ, Gersh BJ. From myocardial salvage to patient salvage in acute myocardial infarction: the role of reperfusion therapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 14: 1382–1388, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Califf RM, Fortin DF, Tenaglia AN, Sane DC. Clinical risks of thrombolytic therapy. American Journal of Cardiology 69: 12A–20A, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carney R, Brandt T, Daley P, Pickering E, White H, et al. Increased efficacy of rt-PA by more rapid administration: the RAAMI Trial Abstract. Circulation 82 (Suppl. III): III538, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Charbonnier Cribier A, Monassier JP, Favier JP, Materne P, et al. Etude eurpeenne multicentrique et randomisee de l’AP-SAC versus streptokinase dans l’infarctus du myocarde. Archives des Maladies du Coeur 82: 1565–1571, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesebro JH, Knatterud G, Roberts R, Borer J, Cohen LS, et al. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Trial, phase I: a comparison between intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and intravenous streptokinase. Circulation 76: 142–154, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collen D. Human tissue-type plasminogen activator: from the laboratory to the bedside. Circulation 72: 18–20, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collen D, Topol EJ, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Gold HK, Weisfeld ML, et al. Coronary thrombolysis with recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Circulation 70: 1012–1017, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collen D, Bounameaux H, DeCock F, Lijnen HR, Verstracete M, et al. Analysis of coagulation and fibrinolysis during intravenous infusion of recombinant human tissue-type activator (t-PA) in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 73: 511–717, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collen D. Designing thrombolytic agents: focus on safety and efficacy. American Journal of Cardiology 69: 71A–81A, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins R, Sleight P. ISIS-3 Reply. Letter. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 18: 1148, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins R, Julian D. British Heart Foundation surveys (1987 and 1989) of United Kingdom treatment policies for acute myocardial infarction. British Heart Journal 66: 250–255, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cragg DR, Friedman HZ, Bonema JD, Jaiyesimi IS, Ranuos RG, et al. Outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction who are ineligible for thrombolytic therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine 115: 173–177, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cribier A, Berland J, Saoudi N, Redonnet M, Moore N, et al. Intracoronary streptokinase, OK!…intravenous streptokinase, first? Heparin or intravenous streptokinase in acute infarction: preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial with angiographic evaluation in 44 patients. Haemostasis 16: 122–129, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cross DB, Ashton NG, Noms RM, White HD. Comparison of the effects of streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator on regional wall motion after first myocardial infarction: analysis by the centerline method with correction for area at risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 17: 1039–1046, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalen JE, et al. Six- and twelve-month follow-up of the phase I Thrombolytis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. American Journal of Cardiology 62: 179–185, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies MC, Englert ME, De Renzo EC. Interaction of streptokinase and human plasminogen. I. Combining of streptokinase and plasminogen observed in the ultracentrifuge under a variety of experimental conditions. Journal of Biological Chemistry 239: 2651–2656, 1964

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Jaegere PP, Arnold AA, Balk AH, Simoons ML. Intracranial hemorrhage in association with thrombolytic therapy: incidence and clinical predictive factors. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 19: 289–294, 1992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeWood MA, Spores J, Notske R, Mouser LT, Burroughs R, et al. Prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours of transmural myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 303: 897–902, 1980

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durand P, Asseman P, Pruvost P, Bertrand ME, LaBlanche JM, et al. Effectiveness of intravenous streptokinase on infarct size and left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction. Prospective and randomized study. Clinical Cardiology 10: 383–392, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell B, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. New England Journal of Medicine 324: 781–788, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott JM, Cross DB, Cederholm-Williams S. White HD. Streptokinase titers 1 to 4 years after intravenous streptokinase. Abstract. Circulation 84 (Suppl. II): II116, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • European Cooperative Study Group-6, presented at the Congress of the European Society of Cardiology, September 1990

  • Fitzgerald DH, Catella F, Roy L, Fitzgerald GA. Marked platelet activation in vivo after intravenous streptokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 77: 142–150, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forman MB, Bingham S, Kopelman H, et al. Reduction of infarct size with intracoronary perfluorochemical in a canine preparation of reperfusion. Circulation 71: 1060–1068, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gang ES, Lew AS, Hong M, et al. Decreased incidence of ventricular late potentials after successful thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 321: 712–716, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardell SJ, Ramjit DR, Stabilito II, Fujita T, Lynch JJ, et al. Effective thrombolysis without marked plasminemia after bolus intravenous administration of vampire bat salivary plasmin-ogen activator in rabbits. Circulation 84: 244–253, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gemmell JD, Hogg KJ, MacIntyre PD, Booth N, Rae AP, et al. A pilot study of the efficacy and safety of bolus administration of alteplase in acute myocardial infarction. British Heart Journal 66: 134–138, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons RJ, Holmes DR, Bailey KR, Hopfenspirger MR, Gersh BJ, et al. Randomized trial of direct angioplasty vs. rt-PA in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 84 (Suppl. II): II536, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold HK, Leinbach RC, Garabedian HD, Yasuda T, et al. Acute coronary reocclusion after thrombolysis with recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator: prevention by a maintenance infusion. Circulation 73: 347–352, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gore JM, Sloan M, Price TR, Randall A, Bovil E, et al. Intra-cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and subdural hematoma after acute myocardial infarction and thrombolytic therapy in the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction study. Circulation 83: 448–459, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlich CM, Cooper B, Schumacher JR, Hillis D. Do different doses of intravenous streptokinase alter the frequency of coronary reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction?. American Journal of Cardiology 62: 843–846, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Granger CB, Kalbfleisch J, Califf R, Woodlief L, Karnash S, et al. The Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) pilot study: combined streptokinase and t-PA. Abstract. Circulation 84 (Suppl. II): II573, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Grines CL, DeMaria AN. Optimal utilization of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: concepts and controversies. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 16: 223–231, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grines CL, Nissen SE, Booth DC, Gurley JC, Chelliah N, et al. A prospective, randomized trial comparing combination half-dose tissue-type plasminogen activator and streptokinase with full-dose tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation 84: 540–549, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grines CL, Nissen SE, Booth DC, Branco MC, Gurley JC, et al. A new thrombolytic regimen for acute myocardial infarction using combination half dose tissue-type plasminogen activator with full dose streptokinase: a pilot study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 14: 573–580, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico. GISSI-2: A factoria randomized trial of alteplase versus steptokinase and heparin versus no heparin among 12 490 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 336: 65–71, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Effectiveness of intravenous thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 397–402, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI). Long-term effects of intravenous thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: final report of the GISSI study. Lancet 1: 871–874, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerci AD, Gerstenblith G, Brinker JA, Chandra NC, Gottlier SO, et al. A randomized trial of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction with subsequent randomization to elective coronary angioplasty. New England Journal of Medicine 317: 1613–1618, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habib GB, Heibig J, Forman SA, Brown BG, Roberts R, et al. Influence of coronary collateral vessels on myocardial infarct size in humans. Circulation 83: 739–746, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackett D, Davies G, Cheirchia S, Masen A. Intermittent coronary occlusion in acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 317: 1055–1059, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison JK, Califf RM, Woodlief LH, Kereiakes D, George BS, et al. Systolic left ventricular function after reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction: and analysis of determinants of improvement. Submitted, 1992

  • Herrick JB. Clinical features of sudden obstruction of the coronary arteries. Journal of the American Medical Association 59: 2015–2019, 1912

    Google Scholar 

  • Hochman JS, Choo H, Limitation of myocardial infarct expansion by reperfusion independent of myocardial salvage. Circulation 75: 299–306, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman JJML, Fears R, Bonnier JJRM, Standring R, Ferres H, et al. Fibrinolysis 2: 203–210, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogg KJ, Gemmill JD, Burns J, Lifson WK, Rae AP, et al. Angiographic patency study of anistreplase versus streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 335: 254–258, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honan MB, Harrell Jr FE, Reimer KA, Califf RM, Mark DB, et al. Cardiac rupture, mortality and the timing of thrombolytic therapy: a meta analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 16: 359–367, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoylaerts M, Rijken PC, Lijnen HR, Collen D. Kinetics of the activation of plasminogen by human tissue plasminogen activator. Role of fibrin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257: 2912–2919, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsia J, Hamilton WP, Kleiman N, Roberts R, Chaitman BR, et al. A comparison between heparin and low-dose aspirin as adjunctive therapy with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 323: 1433–1437, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • International Study Group. In-hospital mortality and clinical course of 20 891 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction randomized between alteplase and streptokinase with or without heparin. Lancet 336: 71–75, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • ISAM Study Group. A prospective trial of intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction (ISAM). Mortality, morbidity and infarct size at 21 days. New England Journal of Medicine 314: 1465–1471, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction; ISIS-2. Lancet: 349–360, 1988

  • ISIS-3 (Third International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-3: a randomised comparison of streptokinase vs tissue plasminogen activator vs anistreplase and of aspirin plus heparin vs aspirin alone among 41299 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 339: 753–770, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  • Jalihal S, Morris GK. Antistreptokinase titres after intravenous streptokinase. Lancet 335: 184–185, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johns JA, Gold HK, Leinbach RC, Yasuda T, Gimple LN, et al. Prevention of coronary artery reocclusion and reduction in late coronary artery stenosis after thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 78: 546–556, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karagounis L, Sorensen SG, Menlove RL, Moreno F, Anderson JL, et al. Does Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) perfusion grade 2 represent a mostly patent artery or a mostly occluded artery? Enzymatic and electrocardiographic evidence from the TEAM-2 study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 19: 1–10, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kasper W, Meinertz T, Wollschläger H, Bonzel T, Wolff P, et al. Coronary thrombolysis during acute myocardial infarction by intravenous BRL 26921, a new anisoylated plasminogen-strep-tokinase activator complex. American Journal of Cardiology 58: 418–421, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy JW, Ritchie JL, Davis KB, Fritz JK. The Western Washington randomized trial of intracoronary streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 309: 1477–1482, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy JW, Ritchie JL, Davis KB, Stadius ML, Maynard C, et al. The Western Washington randomized trial of intracoronary streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. A 12-month follow-up report. New England Journal of Medicine 312: 1073–1078, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy JW, Martin GV, Davis KB, Maynard C, Stadius M, et al. The Western Washington intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction randomized trial. Circulation 77: 345–352, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerins DM, Roy L, FitzGerald GA, Fitzgerald DJ. Platelet and vascular function during coronary thrombolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation 80: 1718–1725, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kersschot IE, Brugada P, Ramentol M, et al. Effects of early re-perfusion in acute myocardial infarction on arrhythmias induced by programmed stimulation: a prospective, randomized study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: 1234–1242, 1986

  • Kirshenbaum JM, Bahr RD, Flaherty JT, Gurewich V, Levine HJ, et al. Clot-selective coronary thrombolysis with low-dose synergistic combinations of single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. American Journal of Cardiology 68: 1564–1569, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krucoff MW, Wagner BL, Sigmon KN, O’Connor CM, Granger CB, et al. The relative roles of clinical variables and continuous ST segment monitoring for ‘real time’ noninvasive detection or reperfusionin the TAMI 7 trial. Circulation 84 (Suppl. II): II117, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Lew AS, Laramee P, Cercek B, Shah PK, Ganz W, et al. The hypotensive effect of intravenous streptokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 72: 1321–1326, 1985a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lew AS, Laramee P, Cercek B, Rodriquez L, Shah PK, Ganz W. The effects of the rate of intravenous infusion of streptokinase and the duration of symptoms on the time interval to reper-fusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 72: 1053–1058, 1985b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lijnen HR, Zamarron C, Blaber M, Winkler ME, Collen D, et al. Activation of plasminogen by pro-urokinase. I. Mechanism. Journal of Biological Chemistry 261: 1253–1258, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Sendon J, Seabra-Gomes R, Macaya C, Santos FM, Mu-noz J, et al. Intravenous anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex versus intravenous streptokinase in myocardial infarction. A randomized multicenter study. Abstract. Circulation 78 (Suppl. II): II277, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Loscalzo J, Braunwald E. Tissue plasminogen activator. New England Journal of Medicine 319: 925–931, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch M, Littler WA, Pentecost BL, Stockley RA. Immunoglob-ulin response to intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. British Heart Journal 66: 139–142, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacFarlane RG, Pilling J. Fibrinolytic activity of normal urine. Nature 159: 779, 1947

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnani B, for the PAIMS Investigators. Plasminogen Activator Italian Multicenter Study (PAIMS): comparison of intravenous recombinant single-chain human tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 13: 19–26, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maggioni AP, Franzosi MG, Farina ML, Santoro E, Celani et al. Cerebrovascular events after myocardial infarction: analysis of the GISSI trial. British Medical Journal 302: 1428–1431, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin U, von Möllendorff E, Akpan W, Kientsch-Engel R, Kaufmann et al. Dose-ranging study of the novel recombinant plasminogen activator BM 06.022 in healthy volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 50: 429–436, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathey DG, Schofer J, Sheehan FH, Becher H, Tilsner V, et al. Intravenous urokinase in acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 55: 878–882, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Midgett AS, O’Connor GT, Baron JA, Bell J. Effect of intravenous streptokinase on early mortality in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Annals of Internal Medicine 113: 961–968, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Monnier P, Sigwart U, Vincent A, Bachmann F, Goy JJ, et al. Anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex versus streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Drugs 33 (Suppl. 3): 175–178, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan CD, Roberts RS, Haq A, Baigrie RS, Daly PA, et al. Coronary patency, infarct size and left ventricular function after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: results from the tissue plasminogen activator: Toronto (TPAT) Placebo-controlled Trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 17: 1451–1457, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller HS, Rao AK, Forman SA, The TIMI Investigators. Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI): Comparative studies of coronary reperfusion and systemic fibrinogenolysis with two forms of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 10: 479–490, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller D, Topol EJ. Selection of patients with acute myocardial infarction for thrombolytic therapy. Annals of Internal Medicine 113: 949–960, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller D, Topol EJ, Ellis SG, Woodlief LH, Sigmon KN, et al. Determinants of the need for early acute intervention in patients treated conservatively after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 18: 1594–1601, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Heart Foundation of Australia Coronary Thrombolysis Group. Coronary thrombolysis and myocardial salvage by tissue plasminogen activator given up to 4 hours after onset of myocardial infarction. Lancet: 203–208, 1988

  • Neuhaus KL, Feuerer W, Jeep-Tebbe S, Niederer W, Vogt A, et al. Improved thrombolysis with a modified dose regimen of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 14: 1566–1569, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhaus KL, Tebbe U, Gottwik M, Weber M, Feuerer W, et al. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and urokinase in acute myocardial infarction: results of the German Activator Urokinase Study (GAUS). Journal of the American College of Cardiology 12: 581–587, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhaus KL, von Essen R, Vogt A, Konig R, Rieb M, et al. Doseranging study of a novel recombinant plasminogen activator in patients with acute myocardial infarction: results of the GRECO-study. Abstract. Circulation 84 (Suppl. II): II573, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Niewiarowski S, Senyl AF, Gilles P. Plasmin-induced platelet aggregation and platelet release reaction. Journal of Clinical Investigation 52: 1647–1659, 1973

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor CM, Califf RM, Massey EW, Mark DB, Kereiakes DJ, et al. Stroke and acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era: clinical correlates and long-term prognosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 16: 533–540, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohman EM, Christehson RH, Sigmon KN, Flanagan CH, Frid DJ, et al. Non-invasive detection of reperfusion after thrombolysis using rapid CK-MB analysis. Abstract. Circulation 82 (Suppl. II) 281, 1990a

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohman EM, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Candela R, Abbottsmith C, et al. Consequences of reocclusion after successful reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 82: 781–791, 1990b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Rourke M, Baron D, Keogh A, Kelly R, Nelson G, et al. Limitation of myocardial infarction by early infusion of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation 77: 1311–1315, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ott P, Fenster P. Combining thrombolytic agents to treat acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 121: 1583–1584, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Passamani E, Hodges M, Herman M, Grose R, Chaitman B, et al. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) phase II pilot study: tissue plasminogen activator followed by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 10: 51B–64B, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pennica D, Holmes WE, Kohr WJ, Harkins RN, Vehar GA, et al. Cloning and expression of human tissue-type plasminogen activator cDNA in E. coli. Nature 301: 214–221, 1983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popma JJ, Topol EJ. Adjuncts to thrombolysis for myocardial reperfusion. Annals of Internal Medicine 115: 34–44, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PRIMI Trial Study Group: Randomized double-blind trial of re-combinant prourokinase against streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1; 863–868, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Purvis JA, Trouton TG, Roberts M, McKewown P, Mulholland MG, et al. Effectiveness of double bolus alteplase in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 68: 1570–1574, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao AK, Pratt C, Berke A, Jaffe A, Ockene I, et al. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial-phase I: hemorrhagic manifestations and changes in plasma fibrinogen and the fibrinolytic system in patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 11: 1–11, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapold HJ, Kuemmerli H, Weiss M, Baur H, Haeberli A. Monitoring of fibrin generation during thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation 79: 980–989, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reimer KA, Lowe JE, Rasmussen MM, Jennings RB. The wave-front phenomenon of ischemic cell death. 1. Myocardial infarct size versus duration of coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation 56: 786–794, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Relik-van Wely L, Visser RF, van der Pol J, Bartholomeus I, Couvee JE, et al. Angiographically assessed coronary arterial patency and reocclusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with anistreplase: results of the Anistreplase Reocclusion Multicenter Study (ARMS). American Journal of Cardiology 68: 296–300, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rentrop KP, Blanke H, Karsch KR, Kreuzer H. Initial experience with transluminal recanalization of the recently occluded in-farct-related coronary artery in acute myocardial infarction: comparison with conventionally treated patients. Clinical Cardiology 2: 92–105, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rentrop KP, Feit F, Blanke H, Stecy P, Schneider R, et al. Effects of intracoronary streptokinase and intracoronary nitroglycerin infusion on coronary angiographic patterns and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 311: 1457–1463, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro Silva LA, Carneiro R, D’Oliveira LG, Gasques A, et al. A randomized trial of direct PTCA vs intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Abstract. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 17: 152A, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Rijken DC, Hoylaerts M, Collen D. Fibrinolytic properties of one-chain and two-chain human extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator. Journal of Biological Chemistry 257: 2920–2925, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins K Summaria L, Hsieh Shah RJ. The peptide chanis of human plasmin. Mechanism of activation of human plasminogen to plasmin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 242: 2333–2342, 1967

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sane DC, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Stump DC, Mark DB, et al. Bleeding during thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: mechanisms and management. Annals of Internal Medicine 111: 1010–1022, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sane DC, Stump DC, Topol EJ, Sigmon KN, Clair WK, et al. Racial differences in responses to thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Increased fi-brin(ogen)olysis in Blacks. Circulation 83: 170–175; 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid-Schonbein H, Rieger H, Hess H. Quantification of the streptokinase effects on blood microrheology. In Martin M, Schoop W & Hirsch J (Eds) New concepts in streptokinase dosimetry, pp. 39–48, Haus Huben Publishers, Bern, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder R, Biamino G, Leitner E, et al. Intravenous short-term infusion of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 67: 536–548, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder R, Neuhaus KL, Linderer T, Bruggemann, Tebbe U, et al. Impact of late coronary artery reperfusion on left ventricular function one month after acute myocardial infarction (results from the ISAM study). American Journal of Cardiology 64: 878–884, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma GVRK, Cella G, Parisi AF, Sasahara AA. Thrombolytic therapy. New England Journal of Medicine 306: 1268–1276, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan FH, Braunwald E, Canner P, Dodge HT, Gore J, et al. The effect of intravenous thrombolytic therapy on left ventricular function: a report on tissue-type plasminogen activator and streptokinase from the Thrombolysis in Myocardial infarction (TIMI phase I) Trial. Circulation 75: 817–829, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan FH. Measurement of left ventricular function as an end-point in trials of thrombolytic therapy. Coronary Artery Disease 1: 13–22, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherry S, Marder VJ. Mistaken guidelines for thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction in the elderly. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 17: 1237–1238, 1991a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherry S, Marder VJ. Streptokinase and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) are equally effective in treating acute myocardial infarction. Annals of Internal Medicine 114: 417–423, 1991b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simoons ML, Betriu A, Col J, von Essen R, Lubsen J, et al. Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: no additional benefit from immediate percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Lancet 1: 197–203, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simoons ML, Nijssen K, de Bono D, European Cooperative Study Group. Thrombolytic therapy for early recurrent ischemia in myocardial infarction. Abstract. Circulation 84 (Suppl. II) II572, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Six AJ, Lpuwerenburg HW, Braams R, Mechelse K, Mosterd WL, et al. A double-blind randomized multicenter dose-ranging trial of intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 65: 119–123, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan MA, Gore JM. Ischemic stoke and intracranial hemorrhage following thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a risk-benefit analysis. American Journal of Cardiology 69: 21A–38A, 1992

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smalling RW, Schumacher R, Morris D, Harder K, Fventes F, et al. Improved infarct-related arterial patency after high dose, weight-adjusted, rapid infusion of tissue-type plasminogen activator in myocardial infarction; results of a multicenter randomized trial of two dosage regimens. Journal of the American the College of Cardiology 15: 915–921, 1990

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stachurska J, Lattalo Z, Kopee M. Inhibition of platelet aggre-gation by dialysable fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Thrombosis and Haemostasis 23: 91, 1970

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stack RS, O’Connor CM, Mark DB, Hinohara T, Phillips HR, et al. Coronary perfusion during acute myocardial infarction with a combined therapy of coronary angioplasty and high-dose intravenous streptokinase. Circulation 77: 151–161, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SWIFT Trial Study Group. SWIFT trial of delayed elective intervention v. conservative treatment after thrombolysis with anistreplase in acute myocardial infarction. British Medical Journal 302: 555–560, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Multicenter Postinfarction Research Group: Risks stratification and survival after myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 309: 331–336, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson PL, Aylward PE, Federman J, Giles RW, Harris PJ, et al. A randomized comparison of intravenous heparin with oral aspirin and dipyridamole 24 hours after recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 83: 1534–1542, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tillett WS, Garner RI. The fibrinolytic activity of hemolytic streptococci. Journal of Experimental Medicine 58: 485–502, 1933

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TIMI Study Group. Comparison of invasive and conservative strategies after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Throm-bolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) phase II Trial. New England Journal of Medicine 320: 618–627, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • TIMI Research Group. Immediate vs. delayed catheterization and angioplasty following thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. TIMI IIA results. Journal of the American Medical Association 260: 2849–2858, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmis AD, Griffin B, Crick J, Sowton E. Anisoylated plasmin-ogen streptokinase activator complex in acute myocardial infarction: a placebo-controlled arteriographic coronary recanalization study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 10: 205–210, 1987

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topol EJ. Thrombolytic Intervention. In Topol EJ (Ed.) Textbook of interventional cardiology, pp. 76–120, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Topol EJ, Califf RM, George BS, Kereiakes DJ, Rothbaum D, et al. Coronary arterial thrombolysis with combined infusion of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator and urokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction (TAMI-2). Circulation 77: 1100–1107, 1988a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topol EJ, Bates ER, Walton JA, Baumann G, Wolfe S, et al. Community hospital administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: improved timing, thrombolytic efficacy and ventricular function. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 10: 1173–1177, 1987a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topol EJ, Ellis SG, Califf RM, George BS, Stump DC, et al. Combined tissue-type plasminogen activator and prostacyclin therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 14: 877–884, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topol EJ, George BS, Kereiakes DJ, Candela RJ, Abbottsmith CW, et al. Comparison of two dose regimens of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 61: 723–728, 1988b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topol EJ, Morris DC, Smalling RW, Schumacher RR, Taylor CR, et al. A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a new form of intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Activase) in acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 9: 1205–1213, 1987b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topol EJ, George BS, Kereiakes DJ, Stump DC, Candela RJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and early intravenous heparin in acute myocardial infarction (TAMI-3). Circulation 79: 281–286, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topol EJ. Ultrathrombolysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 15: 922–924, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urokinase and Alteplase in Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group (URALMI). Combination of urokinase and alteplase in the treatment of myocardial infarction. Coronary Artery Disease 2: 225–235, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Werf F. Discrepancies between the effects of coronary reperfusion on survival and left ventricular function. Lancet 1: 1367–1369, 1989

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Werf F, Arnold A. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and size of infarct, left ventricular function, and survival in acute myocardial infarction (ECSG-4). British Medical Journal 297: 1374–1379, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan DE, Van Houtte E, Declerck PJ, Collen D. Strepto-kinase-induced platelet aggregation. Circulation 84: 84–91, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verstraete M, Bory M, Collen D, Erbel R, Lennane RJ, et al. Randomized trial of intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator versus intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction (ECSG-2). Lancet 1: 842–847, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verstraete M, Brower RW, Collen D, Dunning AJ, Lubsen J, et al. Serial quantitative planar technitium-99m isonitrile imaging in acute myocardial infarction: efficacy for noninvasive assessment of thrombolytic therapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 14: 861–873, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • Verstraete M, Brower RW, Collen D, Dunning AJ, Lubsen J, et al. Double-blind randomized trial of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator versus placebo in acute myocardial infarction (ECSG-1). Lancet: 965–969, 1985

  • Vogt A, Neuhaus KL, von Essen R, Reib M, Roth M, et al. Reocclusion of infarct vessels and reinfarction after i.v. thrombolysis with rt-PA vs. APSAC: results of the TAPS study. Abstract. Circulation 84 (Suppl. II): II572, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt P, Schaller MD, Monnier P, Kaufmann U, Goy JJ, et al. Systemic thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: bolus injection of APSAC versus infusion of streptokinase. Abstract. European Heart Journal 9 (Suppl. A): 213; 1988

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall TC, Phillips HR, Stack RS, Mantell S, Aronson L, et al. Results of high dose intravenous urokinase for acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 65: 124–131, 1990a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wall TC, Topol EJ, George BS, Ellis SG, Samaha J, et al. The TAMI-7 trial of accelerated plasminogen activator dose regimens for coronary thrombolysis. Abstract. Circulation 82 (Suppl. III): III538, 1990b

    Google Scholar 

  • Werns S, Brinker J, Gruber J, Rothbaum D, Heusen R, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of recombinant human super-oxide dismutase (SOD) in patients undergoing PTCA for acute MI. Abstract. Circulation 80 (Suppl. II): II113, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  • White HD, Norris RM, Brown MA, Takayama M, Maslowski A, et al. Effect of intravenous streptokinase on left ventricular function and early survival after acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 317: 850–855, 1987a

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White HD, Rivers JT, Maslowski AH, Ormiston JA, Takayama M, et al. Effect of intravenous streptokinase as compared with that of tissue plasminogen activator on left ventricular function after first myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 320: 817–821, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White HD, Noms RM, Brown MA, Brandt P, Whitlock R, et al. Left ventricular end-systolic volume as the major determinant of survival after recovery from myocardial infarction. Circulation 76: 44–51, 1987b

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White HD. Thrombolytic treatment for recurrent myocardial infarction. Avoid repeating streptokinase or anistreplase. British Medical Journal 302: 429–430, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White HD, Cross DB, Williams BF, Noms RM. Safety and efficacy of repeat thrombolytic treatment after acute myocardial infarction. British Heart Journal 64: 177–181, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White HD. GISSI-2 and the heparin controversy. Lancet 336: 297–298, 1990

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitlow PL, Bashore TM. Catheterization/Rescue Angioplasty Following Thrombolysis (CRAFT) Study: acute myocardial infarction treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator versus urokinase. Abstract. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 17 (Suppl.): 276A, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox RG, Olsson CG, Skene AM, von der Lippe G, Jensen G, et al. Trial of tissue plasminogen activator for mortality reduction in acute myocardial infarction. Anglo-Scandinavian Study of Early Thrombolysis (ASSET). Lancet 2: 525–530, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willems JL, Willems RJ, Bijnens I, Doerr R, Verstraete M, et al. Value of electrocardiographs scoring systems for the assessment of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. The European Cooperative Study Group for Recombinant Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator. European Heart Journal 12: 378–388, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson PA, McNicol GP, Douglas AS. Effect of fibrinogen degradation products on platelet aggregation. Journal of Clinical Pathology 21: 147–153, 1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiman B, Collen D. Purification and characterization of human antiplasmin, the fast-acting plasmin inhibitor in plasma. European Journal of Biochemistry 78: 19–26, 1977

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winters KJ, Santoro SA, Miletich JP, Eisenberg PR. Relative importance of thrombin compared with plasmin-mediated platelet activation in response to plasminogen activation with strep-tokinase. Circulation 84: 1552–1560, 1991

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yusef S, Collins R, Peto R, et al. Intravenous and intracoronary fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: overview of results on mortality, reinfarction and side-effects from 33 randomized controlled trials. European Heart Journal 6: 556–585, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziskind AA, Gold HK, Yasuda T, Kanke M, Guerrero L, et al. Synergistic combinations of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator and human single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Circulation 79: 393–399, 1989

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. GUSTO Coordinating Center, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3850, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27710, USA

    Christopher B. Granger, Robert M. Califf & Eric J. Topol

  2. The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Christopher B. Granger, Robert M. Califf & Eric J. Topol

Authors
  1. Christopher B. Granger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Robert M. Califf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eric J. Topol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03259106.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Granger, C.B., Califf, R.M. & Topol, E.J. Thrombolytic Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Drugs 44, 293–325 (1992). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199244030-00002

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199244030-00002

Keywords

Search

Navigation