Abstract
Circadian rhythms are entrained daily by environmental photic and non-photic cues. The present review describes the anatomy and functional characteristics of the three major input pathways to the circadian clock mediating entrainment: the retino-hypothalamic tract, the geniculo-hypothalamic tract and the midbrain raphe projection.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Afferent Pathways / cytology
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Afferent Pathways / physiology*
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Animals
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Biological Clocks / physiology*
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Circadian Rhythm / physiology*
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Eye Proteins / genetics
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Eye Proteins / metabolism
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Glutamic Acid / metabolism
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Humans
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Period Circadian Proteins
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / metabolism
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Retinal Ganglion Cells / cytology
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Retinal Ganglion Cells / metabolism
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Rod Opsins / metabolism
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / cytology
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / physiology*
Substances
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Eye Proteins
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PER1 protein, human
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Period Circadian Proteins
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
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Rod Opsins
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melanopsin
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Glutamic Acid