Lymphoid cells are present in normal mucosal tissue as scattered cells or organised into MALT. Knowledge of the non-pathological conjunctival lymphoid tissue is a vital basis for the further study of ocular surface inflammatory disorders. Therefore, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the leukocyte population of tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva from normal patients with no ocular or systemic inflammatory disease. CD3+ T cells were the most frequently occurring, and macrophages the second most frequently occurring, conjunctival cell type and were seen in the epithelium and substantia propria. There were greater numbers of leukocytes in the bulbar than in the tarsal area and this reached statistical significance for CD3+ T cells and CD57+ NK cells. In both bulbar and tarsal conjunctiva, B cells and neutrophils were seen in the epithelium and substantia propria, but plasma cells, NK cells and mast cells were present only in the substantia propria. No eosinophils were seen. CD8+ cells outnumbered CD4+ cells in the epithelium (CD4:CD8 0.3) but this was reversed in the substantia propria (CD4:CD8.1.3 tarsal, 2.0 bulbar). Most epithelial T cells and half the stromal T cells were CD45Ro+. IL-2R (CD25) staining was infrequent in the tarsal but not the bulbar area. The greater number and activation of T cells in the bulbar region may relate to greater antigen exposure. HLA-DR+ cells were mainly macrophages, but also included dendritic cells in the epithelium and a few epithelial cells. The conjunctival lymphocytes do have certain features of MALT cells, apart from mucosal recirculation, homing and promotion of sIgA production. Conjunctival IEL, like gut IEL, are predominantly CD8+, are found in the basal epithelium, are HML-1+, and have very high expression of CD45Ro. Substantia propria lymphocytes have more equal CD4 and CD8 numbers and frequently express CD45Ro. We found only one example of organised conjunctival lymphoid tissue in our study and suggest that the presence of CALT in humans is not universal.