Salivary pleomorphic adenomas are often associated with chondroid tissue formation. We investigated the relationship between chondroid tissue formation and the expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are strong inducers of ectopic bone and cartilage formation. Fifteen pleomorphic adenomas and seven normal salivary glands were examined genetically and immunohistochemically. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that BMP-1, BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, and BMP-7 mRNAs were overexpressed in 10 (66.7%), 9 (60.0%), 1 (6.7%), 8 (53.3%), and 12 (80.0%), respectively, of the 15 pleomorphic adenomas. Overexpression of BMP-2 mRNA was observed in pleomorphic adenomas. Marked chondroid formation or expression of type II collagen was frequently observed in pleomorphic adenomas that overexpressed BMP-2 mRNA. Immunohistochemically, BMP-2 was detected in modified myoepithelial cells aroud chondroid tissue and basement membranes. These results suggest that BMPs, and expecially BMP-2, have a role in chondroid formation in pleomorphic adenomas.