Article Text
PDF
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the cell proliferation activity in posterior uveal melanomas after Ru-106 brachytherapy.
METHODS Eyes containing choroidal or ciliary body melanoma from seven ocular oncology centres, which were enucleated after first being treated by Ru-106 brachytherapy and which had enough melanoma tissue to enable histological assessment, were included. The 57 eligible specimens were divided into a group of 44 eyes that were enucleated because of tumour regrowth, and a non-recurrent group of 13 eyes that were enucleated because of complications such as neovascular glaucoma. 46 non-irradiated eyes harbouring uveal melanoma served as a control group. All specimens underwent routine processing. They were cut into 5 μm sections, and were stained with two main cell proliferation markers: PC-10 for PCNA and MIB-1 for Ki-67. The stained sections were assessed, and the cells that were positive in the immunostaining were counted in each section. The results were evaluated by various statistical methods.
RESULTS The PC-10 score showed a statistically significant difference across the three groups (p = 0.002). The control group showed the highest PC-10 score (median 31.0 PCC/HPF) followed by the tumour regrowth group (median 4.9 PCC/HPF). The lowest PC-10 scores were found in the non-recurrent tumours (median 0.05 PCC/HPF). The MIB-1 score in the control group (median 5.77 PCC/HPF) was similar to the regrowth group (median 5.4 PCC/HPF). In contrast, the MIB-1 score in the non-recurrent tumours was statistically significantly lower (median 0.42 PCC/HPF). The PC-10 and MIB-1 scores were similar in tumours composed of either spindle cells or epithelioid cells in all groups.
CONCLUSIONS The non-recurrent melanomas demonstrate significantly lower cellular proliferation activity than melanomas that showed regrowth or that were not irradiated at all. In our hands, PCNA gave more meaningful information than Ki-67. Our findings strongly support the need for treating regrowing posterior uveal melanoma either by enucleation or re-treatment by brachytherapy. On the other hand, also in the non-recurrent uveal melanomas there are viable cells with potential for proliferation, although fewer in number, with unknown capacity for metastatic spread. Therefore, the irradiated tumours should be followed for many years, probably for life.
- brachytherapy
- cell proliferation
- uveal melanoma
Statistics from Altmetric.com
The most common eye conserving way of treating posterior uveal melanoma is by radiotherapy. This is usually delivered by means of episcleral radioactive plaques. Cobalt-60,1ruthenium-106,2 and iodine-1253 are the radioactive materials most commonly used. Other methods of radiotherapy of posterior uveal melanoma include teletherapy using charged particles of proton4 and helium ion beams5; recently, stereotactic radiosurgery using the Leksell gamma knife has been described as being efficient.6 7
After radiotherapy, most uveal melanomas show significant reduction in size, although complete disappearance is not common. Histological evaluation of residual tumours have demonstrated that most of the tumours harbour viable melanoma cells,8-16 and some of these cells show proliferating activity using immunohistochemical markers.17-20
Previous studies have reported that between 6% to 34% of eyes treated for posterior uveal melanoma by radiotherapy are eventually enucleated, either because of regrowth of the tumour or because of complications caused by the radiotherapy, mainly secondary neovascular glaucoma.7-21
The purpose of the present multicentre, multinational study was to evaluate the cell proliferation activity in posterior uveal melanoma after Ru-106 brachytherapy in eyes that were enucleated for various reasons. We have used two common cell proliferation markers, PC-10 for PCNA and MIB-1 for Ki-67. We also compared the findings in irradiated posterior uveal melanomas with those in tumours that were enucleated without being previously irradiated.
Methods
Eyes enucleated because of choroidal or ciliary body melanoma first treated with Ru-106 brachytherapy, and which had enough melanoma tissue to enable histological assessment, were included. Eyes that were enucleated after brachytherapy, but in which the primary method of treatment was unknown or in which histological sections did not contain enough tissue to enable reliable immunostaining, were excluded.
Tissue blocks from 143 cases of uveal melanoma were collected from the ophthalmic pathology laboratories of six European departments of ophthalmology. All eyes enucleated in these departments during the years 1980–97, after being previously treated with Ru-106 plaque brachytherapy for uveal melanoma, were evaluated for the study. Of the 143 specimens collected, 57 were included in the study. The other 86 tumours were excluded because the paraffin block did not contain sufficient residual tumour. Two groups were formed according to the indication for enucleation: the first included 44 eyes that were enucleated because of tumour regrowth after the brachytherapy; the second group included the remaining 13 eyes that were enucleated following brachytherapy due to complications such as glaucoma or a blind and painful eye without evidence of tumour regrowth—the non-recurrent group. Forty six non-irradiated consecutive uveal melanomas were obtained from the ophthalmic pathology laboratory of the Hadassah University Hospital for use as the control group.
Tumours from all laboratories had been fixed for at least 24–48 hours in 10% neutral buffered formalin before original tissue processing. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Tumour location was categorised as follows: ciliary body melanoma was defined as a uveal melanoma of which more than two thirds of the tumour mass was located in the ciliary body; other tumours were defined as choroidal melanoma. Tumour cell typing was defined as epithelioid (containing epithelioid cells), or spindle (tumour without epithelioid cells). In order to evaluate similar areas of the tumour, serial sections of paraffin tissue blocks were cut at 5 μm thickness, and immunostainings were performed on sections adjacent to that of the haematoxylin and eosin stain. Bleaching was used in sections from heavily pigmented tumours to enable immunostaining assessment.
Sections were deparaffinised in xylene and alcohols and placed for 15 minutes in 3% alcoholic H2O2 to block endogenous peroxidase. In order to reveal masked antigen, slides stained with MIB-1 were placed in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0), treated in the microwave for 15 minutes, and then the container was removed from the microwave for cooling for 15 minutes. Slides stained with PC-10 were not treated in a microwave. Both MIB-1 and PC-10 stained slides were placed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.6). Sections were then treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) to prevent background staining, and incubated for 1 hour with the primary antibody, either MIB-1 or PC-10 (Zymed Laboratories, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA), at room temperature in a humidified chamber. Slides were rinsed in PBS for 3–4 minutes and incubated with biotin linked secondary antibody for 30 minutes and with the labelling reagent peroxidase conjugated streptavidin for 30 minutes (Bio Genex Laboratories, San Ramon, CA, USA). After rinsing, the peroxidase label was demonstrated using 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) for 15 minutes, and counterstained with Mayer's haematoxylin. AEC produces a red end product that is soluble in alcohol and is used with an aqueous mounting medium (Kaiser's glyceryl gelatin). A negative control was run using the same technique but omitting the primary antibody and adding the streptavidin-biotin complex.
The MIB-1 immunostaining was assessed by two observers who were masked to the light microscopic classification of the tumour as described by Seregard and his colleagues.19 In each section, 10 high power fields (×40) in areas of maximal immunoreactivity were assessed; all melanoma cells that contained a distinct positive nuclear stain were regarded as positive. The mean MIB-1 and PC-10 positive cell count (PCC) for high power field (HPF) were calculated for each observer in each section.
In order to estimate the correlation between two quantitative parameters (such as tumour height and proliferative activity), the Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated, and its significance was assessed. When the mean levels of a quantitative parameter were compared in different categories of a qualitative parameter (such as different groups) with more than two categories, the ANOVA classic test was applied (including multiple pairwise comparison). The distribution of each quantitative parameter was estimated by using the Kolgmogorov-Smirnof test as well as the normal probability plot. When a parameter was not normally distributed the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA was used. MIB-1 and PC-10 readings were compared using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA. If significance was found, multiple pairwise comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test with the Bonferroni correction for the significance level. The association between two qualitative parameters was tested using Fisher's exact test.
Results
Tumour location, height, and diameter, patient age, sex, and cell type of the tumours are presented in Table 1. Except for cell type, there was no significant difference in these parameters across the three groups.
Clinical and histological features of the uveal melanomas in the study
MIB-1 and PC-10 positive cells were identified in tumours from all groups. The mean positive PC-10 and MIB-1 cell count per high power field (PCC/HPF) are presented in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. The results of both PC-10 and MIB-1 assessment were not normally distributed and were therefore studied using non-parametric statistical tests. PC-10 score showed significant difference across the groups. Tumours treated by enucleation without previous brachytherapy showed the highest PC-10 score (median 31.0 PCC/HPF, range: 0–202 PCC/HPF), followed by tumours enucleated as a result of tumour regrowth after brachytherapy (median 4.9 PCC/HPF, range 0–157.6 PCC/HPF). The lowest PC-10 score was found in the non-recurrent tumours from eyes enucleated because of complications other than tumour regrowth (median 0.05 PCC/HPF, range 0–49.1 PCC/HPF). These differences in the PC-10 score were significant (p = 0.002, Kruskal-Wallis test).
Box plot analyses of the proliferative activity of melanoma cells in the control, non-recurrent, and regrowth groups as estimated by PC-10 immunostaining. The thick horizontal lines show the median of the distribution of PC-10 positive cell count (PCC) per HPF, the boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR), and individual circles and asterisks represent outliers. A circle is more than 1.5 times IQR above the upper quartile, and an asterisk is more than three times IQR above the upper quartile.
Box plot analyses of the proliferative activity of melanoma cells in the control, non-recurrent, and regrowth groups as estimated by MIB-1 immunostaining. The thick horizontal lines show the median of the distribution of MIB-1 positive cell count (PCC) per HPF, the boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR), and individual circles and asterisks represent outliers. A circle is more than 1.5 times IQR above the upper quartile, and an asterisk is more than three times IQR above the upper quartile.
The MIB-1 score of tumours enucleated without previous brachytherapy (median 5.8 PCC/HPF, range 0–35.65 PCC/HPF) was similar to the MIB-1 score of tumours enucleated because of tumour regrowth after Ru-106 brachytherapy (median 5.4 PCC/HPF, range 0–48.8 PCC/HPF). By contrast, the MIB-1 score of the non-recurrent tumours was smaller (median 0.42 PCC/HPF, range 0–119.8 PCC/HPF). This difference in the MIB-1 score across the groups, although significant in pairwise comparisons, was not significant after the Bonferroni correction for the significance level (p = 0.065, Kruskal-Wallis test). There was a good interobserver agreement on the MIB-1 PCC/HPF between the two observers (Fig 3).
Interobserver agreement on the MIB-1 score
Table 2 shows the MIB-1 and PC-10 scores of each group according to the cell type. The PC-10 and MIB-1 scores were similar in tumours composed of either spindle or epithelioid cell type in all groups.
The positive MIB-1 and PC-10 cell count per high power field according to the cell type
Of the PCNA stained tumours, stained cells were not shown in 8/46 tumours (17.4%) in the control group, in 11/44 tumours (25%) in the regrowth group, and in 6/13 tumours (46.2%) in the non-recurrent tumours. Of the Ki-67 stained tumours, no stained cells were found in 6/46 tumours (13.0%) of the control group, in 5/44 tumours (11.4%) of the regrowth group, and in 3/13 tumours (23.1%) in the non-recurrent group.
Discussion
The diagnosis of uveal melanoma as well as the follow up of these tumours after conservative, usually irradiation, treatment, is done by non-invasive methods, mainly funduscopy and B-scan and A-scan ultrasonography. As opposed to most malignancies, in uveal melanoma we often do not have tissue diagnosis, and we do not have histological follow up of the residue of the tumour. The reason for this is the fear of spreading tumour cells beyond the eye, through the site of a biopsy entrance or through tumour vessels damaged by the needle. By fundus examination we can see the reaction of the posterior uveal melanoma to irradiation. Ultrasound examination, mainly the A-scan, guides us in evaluating the size of the tumour (mainly the height) and the internal reflectivity, which indicate tissue characteristics of the tumour. We usually view shrinkage in tumour size and increase of the internal reflectivity as indicators of success of the irradiation treatment.22
It is well known that most posterior melanomas do not disappear completely after irradiation treatment, but show significant reduction in size. The remnants of the tumours must be followed to detect regrowth indicating activation. Reduction in the tumour size and partial flattening have been shown to stabilise after about 2 years. However, as long as tumour remnants remain the tumour should be followed for possible regrowth.
All histological studies of uveal melanoma remnants show viable tumour cells, mainly of the spindle cell type.8-16 Moreover, cell proliferation has been found in several studies of irradiated tumours.17-20
Various methods have been used to assess cellular proliferation in uveal melanoma. Among them are counting of mitoses, measurement of DNA content by thymidine labelling, incorporation of thymidine analogue such as bromodeoxyuridine,23 flow cytometry,24 and assessment of silver stained nucleolar organiser regions. In recent years immunohistochemical markers, such as PCNA17 19 and Ki-67,18 20 have been used to examine cell proliferation in conventionally processed histological preparations. The markers seem to be reliable and easy tools for evaluating cellular activity.
In the present study we have used the two main proliferation markers, PC-10 for PCNA and MIB-1 for Ki-67, to evaluate the cell proliferation activity in posterior uveal melanomas after being treated by Ru-106 brachytherapy. We have studied two distinct groups of residual tumours: those which showed regrowth and actually failure of the treatment, and those that were enucleated because of post-irradiation complications. Because well controlled tumours did not always yield adequate tissue for study, our sample is overrepresented by regrowing tumours. We compared these groups with a control group of non-irradiated melanomas of similar sizes.
Both immunostainings demonstrated that the non-recurrent tumours had significantly lower cellular proliferation activity than the control group and the regrowth group. The regrowth group showed significantly less proliferative activity than the control group by PC-10 staining for PCNA. However, we could not show a difference between the control group and the regrowth group when we used the Ki-67 immunostaining. The reason for this may be manifold. Firstly, the Ki-67 and PCNA proteins are distinctly different cell cycle associated antigens. Secondly, the long half life of PCNA will in most cases generate a larger proportion of immunopositive cells than Ki-67. Compared with flow cytometry, PC-10 tends to overestimate and MIB-1 to underestimate cell proliferation. PC-10 will stain cells even after they have left the cell cycle, because of long half life. In this sense it is more “sensitive” to cells that are cycling or recently left the cell cycle. This also explains why more cells stain with PC-10 than with MIB-1.
This study is the first to compare the usefulness of these markers in uveal melanoma after failed brachytherapy. PC-10 was the only immunostaining to detect a difference between regrowing tumours and controls, owing to its higher sensitivity, and therefore in our hands it provides more meaningful information. Our results are comparable with previous studies that examined cell proliferation activities by one of the markers we used in our study.17-20 The measurements by both markers supplement each other and give a fuller picture than does either alone.
Counting the number of tumours in which proliferating tumour cells were not detected, we found significantly more tumours with zero proliferating cells in the non-recurrent group. Also in this counting, the results with PCNA marker proved to be more meaningful. These results are also comparable with previous studies.17 19
It is obvious that clinically detectable regrowth of tumours indicate activity of the tumour, and our results are not surprising. Without having histological markers, ocular oncologists tend to enucleate or to re-treat regrowing uveal melanomas. Our findings strongly support this attitude, since regrowing tumours may have a compartment of cycling cells as large as non-irradiated tumours, and since the presence of such proliferating cell population was previously shown to be associated with death from metastatic disease.25
On the other hand, we cannot ignore the apparent proliferating activity, although low, of part of the non-recurrent tumours that were enucleated because of ocular complications, the group that comprises the tumours that reacted well to irradiation. Apparently, these viable tumours remain a potential for later regrowth, and should be followed carefully for many years and probably for life. It remains unclear if these tumours, successfully treated by clinical standards, maintain a capacity for metastatic spread.