Berk et al (see page 166)

The frequency of significant visual impairment was found to be 5.9% in patients attending a paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus tertiary referral unit. Cerebral visual cortex, retina, crystalline lens and optic nerve were the most frequently involved anatomic sites for childhood blindness.

Chawla et al (see page 172)

In a retrospective review of 600 children in India newly diagnosed with retinoblastoma, delayed presentation was a major concern, with a survival probability of 83% and 65% at 1 and 5 years, respectively. Extra-ocular invasion was predictive of poor survival.

Gil et al (see page 179)

In a study of 37 orbits of 20 embalmed cadavers, the apex of the lacrimal caruncle proved an easily identifiable and reliable landmark for prediction of the inferior oblique muscle origin.

Yoon et al (see page 184)

Orbital and sinus fungal infection remains a rare, but serious cause of morbidity and mortality.

Sharma et al (see page 189)

Although Corynebactrium spp. form resident flora of the conjunctiva, they rarely cause endophthalmitis. The diagnosis is challenging and a significant proportion are resistant to ceftazidime and amikacin. However, all are susceptible to vancomycin and the patients respond well to standard therapy.

Reich et al (see page 195)

A retrospective, observational case-control study which shows that there still is no consensus regarding the choice of antiparasitic agents for treatment regimens of ocular toxoplasmosis and that using corticosteroid monotherapy causes a higher recurrence rate.

Steeples et al (see page 200)

Novel real-time PCR of the 529 bp fragement in the T Gondii genome is reported to be more sensitive than techniques targeting the Toxoplasma B1 gene.

Barnacle et al (see page 204)

In a study of 71 sclerotherapy procedures in 29 patients with orbital lymphatic malformations, marked improvement in lesion size and visual acuity was observed after treatment with a low complication rate (1.4%). These results suport the use of this treatment as first line therapy in this condition.

Khan et al (see page 209)

Recessive peripherin mutations cause a distinct Leber congenital amaurosis phenotype. Parents heterozygous for the mutations are often asymptomatic but have frank macular findings, which can be helpful in making the specific diagnosis for the family.

Pott et al (see page 216)

Microcystic macular changes are a frequent finding in patients with optic atrophy. These abnormalities on optical coherence tomography scans are not specific for an underlying cause of the atrophy.

Chang et al (see page 222)

We assess cases of spontaneous improvement of myopic foveoschisis and employ a 2 radius of curvature measure to track posterior scleral curvature, and conclude changes in 3 tractional forces from overlying tissues or staphyloma may play a role.

Chous et al (see page 227)

The effects of a novel, multi-component nutritional supplement were evaluated in a double masked, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. At 6 months subjects on active supplementation compared with placebo had significantly better visual function on all measures.

Sadda et al (see page 235)

A new stereographic projection software allows calculation of precise areas of retinal non-perfusion in anatomically-correct physical units on ultra-widefield fluorescein angiograms. There is a wide variability of areas of retinal non-perfusion in retinal vein occlusion.

Johnston et al (see page 240)

Pro re nata ranibizumab keeps visual acuity above presenting levels for 5 years.

Sallam et al (see page 246)

This multicentre UK database study of 12,124 vitreoretinal operations reports that use of local anaesthesia has increased from 5% in 2001 to 59.1% in 2010, however, wide inter-centre variation of the use of anaesthesia exists.

Moon et al (see page 253)

Repetitive high-altitude environmental stress exposure including low oxygen tension, high ultraviolet light exposure and high G-force load, 6 months after photorefractive keratectomy has no effect on the long-term refractive stability.

Jhanji et al (see page 258)

This study found that although both toric intraocular lens implantation and limbal relaxing incisions were effective for management of astigmatism ≤3 diopters during phacoemulsification, corneal incisions undercorrect astigmatism.

Lu et al (see page 263)

Longer axial length and less anterior capsular opacification may increase the rotation of toric intraocular lenses.

Duignan et al (see page 269)

The first five reported cases of infectious keratitis after the implantation of corneal inlay devices for the surgical correction of presbyopia.

Liau et al (see page 274)

Ultraviolet light-signature telomerase reverse transcriptase gene promoter mutations are frequent in periocular basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas including in situ tumors and grade III conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia but not in sebaceous carcinoma.

Zhang et al (see page 278)

Our results examined the role of KIF11 mutations as a genetic factor for familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, thus suggesting KIF11 should be included when screening pathogenic variants in patients with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

Tandon et al (see page 284)

In a comparative study of glycerol preservation of cornea under differing tempatures, tissues stored in ahnydrous glycerol with at −80 degrees Celsius were the best preserved at 3 months.