Article Text
Abstract
Background/Aims A subset of patients with X linked retinoschisis (XLRS) have bullous schisis cavities in the peripheral retina. This study describes the characteristics and prognosis of the bullous form of XLRS.
Methods A retrospective case series was performed of nine patients with molecularly proven bullous XLRS seen at a single tertiary centre.
Results All cases of bullous peripheral schisis were bilateral, with one unilateral case at presentation which developed into bilateral bullous schisis over time. The mean age of onset was 1.9 years (range: 1 month–7 years, SD: 2.1 years) and at clinical diagnosis was 5.9 years (range: 1 month–27 years, SD: 9.0 years). Mean follow-up was 11 years (range: 6 months–36 years, SD: 10.8 years). Strabismus was the most common presentation (n=7). Other presenting complaints included decreased vision, floaters and an irregularly shaped pupil. The most frequently associated ocular features were strabismus (100%), vitreous haemorrhage (4/18 eyes, 22%), nystagmus (2/9, 22%) and persistent fetal vasculature (1/18, 6%). Localised tractional detachment was seen in 2/18 (11%) eyes, total detachment that underwent surgical repair in 1/18 (6%) and pigmented demarcation lines in a further 22% of the eyes. There was one eye with exudative retinal detachment.
Conclusion In XLRS, bullous schisis may be congenital or develop soon after birth and most commonly presents with strabismus. Cases may be complicated by some form of retinal detachment, which may be tractional or a Coats-like exudative detachment.
- retina
- degeneration
- dystrophy
- genetics
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Introduction
X linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is a congenital, hereditary disease characterised by foveal schisis in the majority of affected men.1 XLRS is caused by pathological variants in the RS1 gene on Xp22.2, which encodes the secreted protein retinoschisin (RS), involved in cellular adhesion and cell–cell interactions within the inner nuclear layer, as well as synaptic connections between photoreceptors and bipolar cells.
Peripheral schisis is seen in 33%–60% of affected individuals.1–6 Some authors believe that bullous retinoschisis represents the early stage of the disease followed by spontaneous resolution within the first several years of life.7 8 Supporting this is the fact that bullous peripheral schisis is rarely seen in adults with XLRS.1
Bullous schisis tends to resolve, often leaving a pigmented demarcation line in the majority of eyes.9 10 Such pigmented demarcation lines are thought to represent a significant period of stasis at the edge of chronic retinal detachment when seen in older individuals, but this is unlikely to be the case in bullous schisis. Retinal detachment is reported to complicate 5%–22% of XLRS cases, although it is not clear from the literature if this is more common in eyes with bullous schisis.1–3 5 6 11
We present the largest series to date describing the clinical characteristics and outcome in a series of patients with XLRS who presented with large bullous schisis.
Methods
Patient databases of paediatric genetic clinics at Moorfields Eye Hospital were searched for all patients whose correspondence contained the terms bullous, congenital, hereditary, X linked, sex-linked, genetic and retinoschisis. The genetics database was searched for all patients with confirmed RS1 mutation and documented peripheral schisis. The following data were extracted from the case notes: demographics, visual acuity, date of last follow-up, refraction, retinal examination findings, other ocular and systemic findings, results of any ocular investigations and ophthalmic treatment. For analysis, Snellen acuity was converted to logMAR using standard conversion tables. Counting fingers (CF) and hand motions at 1/3 m were taken as 2.0 and 3.0 logMAR, respectively. Acuities of perception of light (PL) or worse were excluded from analysis.
Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Office Professional Plus 2013 (Microsoft Corporation, Washington, USA) and IBM SPSS statistics V.21 were used for statistical analysis.
Results
Nine patients were identified with bullous schisis. The average age of onset was 1.9 years (range: 1 month–7 years, SD: 2.1 years) and at clinical diagnosis was 5.9 years (range: 1 month–27 years, SD: 9.0 years). The mean visual acuity at final follow-up was 1.1 logMAR (range: 0.0–3.0, SD: 0.9), with five patients registered as sight-impaired or severely sight-impaired. One patient had PL vision, and that eye was excluded from the analysis. The mean refractive error was +5.50 DS (n=7, range: +0.26 DS to +10.25 DS, SD: 4.0 DS). Patients were followed for an average of 10 years (range: 6 months–36 years, SD: 10.8 years). A family history of XLRS was present in four cases. All cases had a hemizygous mutation in the RS1 gene. No two cases had the same genetic mutation (table 1).
In all cases the bullous schisis cavities were bilateral and located inferiorly. One patient initially presented at 7 weeks of age with unilateral inferior bullous retinoschisis, and the unilateral nature presented a diagnostic challenge. Inferior bullous schisis subsequently developed in the contralateral eye at age 4 months. The most common associated ocular features were strabismus (100% of patients), vitreous haemorrhage (4/18 eyes, 22%), nystagmus (2/9 patients, 22%) and persistent fetal vasculature (1/18 eyes, 6%). Strabismus was also the most common presenting sign: 7/9 cases. Other presenting complaints were decreased vision, floaters and an irregularly shaped pupil.
All eyes had macular pathology in the form of schisis (10/18, 56%), bullous schisis or detachment involving the macula (6/18, 33%), and late scarring or atrophic changes in older patients (2/18, 11%).
Two (11%) eyes in two different patients developed tractional retinal detachment, and visual acuities were poor in these eyes (range: 1.6 to CF) (figure 1A). One of these patients had tractional detachment in the right eye with CF vision and exudative detachment in the left eye with final vision of 1.0 (figure 1C). Surgical repair was carried out in a third patient with total retinal detachment in one eye and the final vision was PL. The visual acuity was similar in eyes with retinal detachment (mean: 1.8, SD: 0.28) and without (mean: 1.1, SD: 0.88) (p=0.26). In four eyes, while no retinal detachment was seen, there was a pigmented demarcation line (figure 1B). Vitreous haemorrhage was seen in 4/18 (22%) eyes.
Discussion
Bullous schisis cavities may spontaneously resolve in early childhood, leaving a pigmented demarcation line in 85%–100% of cases.9 10 Demarcation lines are traditionally thought to be caused by proliferation of retinal pigment epithelium at the junction of flat and detached retina.12 Such demarcation lines were seen in only 4 of 18 eyes in this study. At the time of last follow-up, bullous schisis had still not resolved in 10/12 eyes of six boys ranging in age from 11 months to 14 years.
Previous papers reported the rate of retinal detachment in any form of XLRS as between 5% and 22%.1–3 5 6 11 One series of five cases looking specifically at the bullous form reported no cases of retinal detachment, and no studies to date have looked specifically at retinal detachment rates in bullous XLRS.9 Two eyes in the current study developed localised tractional detachment, and a third had surgical repair for total retinal detachment.
The role of retinal detachment surgery in bullous XLRS is uncertain, considering one operated patient ended with PL vision, and the two unoperated eyes had 1.6 and CF vision. Also, eyes with and without detachment had similar acuities. Retinal detachment repair in patients with XLRS presents technical challenges due to the relative fragility of the retina, which may affect surgical outcomes. The chronicity of a detachment and the presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy are additional factors to consider when deciding whether to operate, as with all retinal detachments, but particularly in patients with XLRS given the poor functional outcomes with retinal detachment repair overall. In the future if a gene therapy is approved for use in patients with XLRS, the combination of detachment repair and gene therapy could possibly provide better outcomes for these patients.
Other characteristics were similar to those found in the series by George et al.9 Average visual acuity was logMAR 1.4 (Snellen 20/500) compared with logMAR 1.1 (Snellen 20/250) in our study. Based on the fact that nystagmus developed 2–15 months after birth in their series, George et al suggested that the bullous schisis may not have been present at birth. This phenomenon is confirmed by one patient in our series, who presented with unilateral bullous schisis and later developed bilateral schisis at age 4 months. Despite bullous schisis over-riding the macula bilaterally, this child did not have nystagmus.
The dark-adapted bright flash electroretinogram (ERG) has been well established as a diagnostic tool in XLRS.13 An electronegative waveform is classic, although not universal, and the b to a wave ratio varies.13 However, ERG has limitations in children due to reliability and large test–retest variability, made worse in cases of strabismus and nystagmus, and we do not present ERG data here. However, future investigations of the dark-adapted bright flash ERG in patients with peripheral schisis may reveal important associations.
It was unsurprising that no specific genetic mutation was more common in patients with bullous XLRS. There are more than 80 different known disease-causing sequence variants in RS1, and the Retinoschisis Consortium noted that ‘Despite the enormous mutation heterogeneity, patients have relatively uniform clinical manifestations, although with great intra-familial variation in age at onset and progression’.14
This study shows that bullous peripheral schisis in XLRS may be congenital or develop soon after birth and most commonly presents with strabismus. Patients may develop some form of retinal detachment whether tractional detachment or a Coats-like exudative detachment. To our knowledge, only case reports and one previous series in the English-language literature looked specifically at the characteristics of bullous XLRS.9 This current study investigated more patients with longer follow-up and only included molecularly proven cases. It, therefore, further contributes to the body of knowledge on this rare presentation, as well as highlights questions for further study.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Melissa Kasilian for assistance in figure preparation.
References
Footnotes
A-MH and AF contributed equally.
Contributors A-MH participated in study design, data collection and manuscript preparation. AF participated in data collection and manuscript preparation. ATM participated in data collection. MM participated in study design, data collection and manuscript editing.
Funding This work was supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre (grant number BRC2_001), Moorfields Eye Hospital Special Trustees (grant number ST 13 10 F), Moorfields Eye Charity (grant number MEC 13 10 A), and the Foundation Fighting Blindness (grant number CD-CL-0711–0518-UCL). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health.
Competing interests AF owns stock in Ionis Pharmaceuticals (Carlsbad, California, USA). MM consults for Meira GTx (London, UK), Ora (Andover, Massachusetts) and Shire (Hampshire, UK). A-MH and ATM have no financial disclosures.
Ethics approval Moorfields Eye Hospital.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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