Purpose To present the clinical and histological features of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the anophthalmic socket in four adult patients, and to determine the presence of human papillomavirus infection (HPV).

Methods Retrospective case series of four adult patients with SCC of the anophthalmic socket. P16 immunohistochemistry and HPV testing was carried out in all cases. The authors report clinical findings, histopathology, management and outcomes for all four patients with conjunctival SCC. Previously reported cases of conjunctival SCC in anophthalmic sockets were reviewed.

Results Four adult patients presented with eyelid lumps, discharge or change in prosthesis fit. Common examination findings included papillomatous changes, eyelid masses and epithelial changes. Three out of the four cases (75%) were positive for p16 by immunohistochemistry and the same cases positive for HPV-16 DNA. All patients received cryotherapy, topical or intralesional chemotherapy. Two patients proceeded to exenteration for control of invasive disease.

Conclusions To the authors’ knowledge, this is the largest series of SCC in the anophthalmic socket with comprehensive annotation of HPV status. Although socket conjunctiva is protected from environmental radiation, there is still a risk of neoplastic transformation in this tissue, thus patient education and regular checking of sockets by ophthalmologists should be undertaken as a preventative measure. The potential role of HPV in these tumours warrants further investigation.