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Abstract
Background Idiopathic paediatric uveitis (IPU) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis (JIA-U) are the two most common entities in paediatric uveitis. This study addressed the possible association of IPU and JIA-U with genes that had been shown earlier to be associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Methods We carried out a case-control association study involving 286 IPU, 134 JIA-U patients and 743 healthy individuals. A total of 84 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 60 genes were selected for this study. The MassARRAY platform and iPLEX Gold Genotyping Assay was used to genotype 83 candidate SNPs and the remaining SNP (rs27293) was analysed using the TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay.
Results No evidence was found for an association of the candidate polymorphisms tested with IPU. Six SNPs (PRM1/rs11074967, JAZF1/rs73300638, IRF5/rs2004640, MEFV/rs224217, PSMA3/rs2348071 and PTPN2/rs7234029) showed an association with JIA-U (p<1.0×10−2).
Conclusion Our findings showed associations of six SNPs (PRM1/rs11074967, JAZF1/rs73300638, IRF5/rs2004640, MEFV/rs224217, PSMA3/rs2348071 and PTPN2/rs7234029) with JIA-U. No association was detected between the 84 tested SNPs and IPU.
- idiopathic paediatric uveitis
- polymorphism
- juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis
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Introduction
Uveitis is an intraocular inflammatory disease characterized by a complex aetiology and a high incidence of blindness.1 The proportion of children visiting a uveitis centre has been estimated to range between 2.2% and 13.8%.2–4 The intraocular inflammatory disease that occurs in children under the age of 16 is called paediatric uveitis (PU) and includes almost all clinical entities that also occur in adults. Uveitis in children is still a challenge to the treating ophthalmologist, owing to its complicated management and up to 25%–33% of children with uveitis lose sight due to inaccurate diagnosis and delayed treatment.5
In PU, non-infectious uveitis and bilateral anterior uveitis is the major subtypes and similar frequencies have been reported from different geographical regions and ethnic backgrounds.6–9 Only a few PU entities have been classified, including juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), Behcet’s disease (BD), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease and tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome.9–11 In particular, JIA is the most common systemic disorder underlying PU, accounting for 4%–24% of total PU.12–14 PU, whereby a clear aetiology cannot be established, is classified as idiopathic paediatric uveitis (IPU) and the frequency of this entity is similar to juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis (JIA-U).6–9
A genetic component is currently considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.15 16 Unravelling the genetic aspects of autoimmune disease may lead to the identification of the involved immune and inflammatory pathways and can result in novel treatment modalities. The possible genetic basis of IPU has not yet been widely studied and was therefore the subject of the study reported here. We focused on those genes which were previously shown to be significantly associated with JIA. Besides a group having IPU, we therefore also included JIA-U patients as a positive control.
Methods
Participants
For this project, we recruited 286 IPU, 134 JIA-U patients and 743 controls at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from 2008 to 2017. All subjects were Han Chinese. Patients with IPU were younger than 16 years. We excluded a total amount of 188 patients with uveitis under the age of 16 with a clear aetiology, of which 72 had VKH disease, 18 had BD, 15 had Fuchs and 83 included minor uveitis entities. Patients with JIA-U were diagnosed following the International League of Associations for Rheumatology criteria.17 The 743 controls were matched for gender and geographic origin.
Single nucleotide polymorphism choice
Selection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was based on previously reported susceptibility loci in JIA with a P value less than 1.0×10−2 by doing a PubMed search from inception to 2017. Based on the National Center of Biotechnology Information database in the Chinese Han population (CHB), candidate SNPs were checked by Haploview 4. The r2 value for linkage disequilibrium had to be less than 0.8 between adjacent loci and the minor allele frequency had to be larger than 0.05 in the CHB. Based on the above criteria, we finally included 84 SNPs in or near 60 loci: ANTXR2,18 CXCR4,18 CD226,19 TNFA,19 MIF,19 CD28,19 KIAA1109,19 PSMC6,20 PSMA3,20 STAT4,21 PTPN2,21 IL21/IL2,21 ERAP2/LNPEP,21 ERAP2/LNPEP,21 UBE2L3,21 C5orf56/IRF1,21 RUNX1,21 IL2RB,21 FAS,21 ZFP36L1,21 LTBR,21 COG6,21 Chr13q14,21 PRR5L,21 PRM1,21 RUNX3,21 JAZF1,21 AFF3/LONRF2,21 FCRL3,22 TRAF5,23 MAPKAPK2,24 C1orf116,24 IL20,24 CDGAP/ARHGAP31,25 C3orf1/TIMMDC1,25 IL15,25 NRBF2-EGR2,25 JMJD1C,25 REEP3,25 IGF1R-FAM169B,25 CHD9-TOX3,25 IRF5,26 BLK,27 C5orf30,27 CD247,27 ORMDL3,27 PTPRC,27 ERAP1,28 LPP,29 TRAF1/C5,30 IL2RA,31 Intergenic,31 32 ANGPT1,31 TMEM39A,31 PTPN2,31 ADAD1,31 VTCN1,32 MEFV,33 IL1A,34 IL1RN,34 SLC26A235 (see online supplementary table 1).
Supplemental material
DNA extraction and genotyping
Venous blood samples from all subjects were collected into EDTA containing tubes and stored at −80℃. Genomic DNA was extracted with the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, California, USA) and stored at −20℃ until used. The Nanodrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, Delaware, USA) was used to qualify and quantify all DNA samples. The primers for respective SNPs were designed by MassArray Assay Design V.3.1 software (Sequenom) and stored at −20℃. The selected SNPs were genotyped by MassARRAY platform (Sequenom, San Diego, California, USA) and iPLEX Gold Genotyping Assay, and analysed by TYPER software V.4.0. The PCR was performed with the GeneAmp PCR System 9700 thermocycler (ABI, Foster City, California, USA). Because none of the primers were suitable for Sequenom MassArray, the rs27293 genotype was analysed using the TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay (ABI, Foster City, California, USA) with the 7500 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems), and counted by TaqMan Genotyper Software. All assays were conducted in strict accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. A 90% SNP genotyping success rate was confirmed for all tested SNPs.
Statistical analysis
The χ2 test was used to analyse the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with SPSS (V.19.0). Genotype as well as allele frequencies between patient and control groups were compared using the χ2 test. ORs and 95% CIs were calculated by SPSS as well. The Bonferroni correction method was used to adjust p values to corrected P (Pc) according to the number of performed analyses for multiple comparisons. A Pc<0.05 was taken as significant.
Results
Clinical features of enrolled IPU and JIA-U patients
The clinical features as well as demographic information of the tested IPU cases, JIA-U cases and healthy controls are shown in table 1. The clinical characteristics of the IPU and JIA-U patients included age at disease onset, sex, band keratopathy, iridocyclitis, complicated cataract and arthritis. The clinical ocular characteristics of both entities is quite similar and the only significant difference is the presence of arthritis in the JIA-U group.
Clinical characteristics, gender and testing age distribution of patients and controls
Genotype and allele frequencies of examined SNPs in cases and controls
Eighty-four gene loci were genotyped in this experiment. A total of 286 children with IPU, 134 with JIA-U and 743 controls were enrolled. No association was detected between the 84 candidate SNPs and IPU (online supplementary table 2). In the JIA-U group a significant association was observed for six SNPs (PRM1/rs11074967, JAZF1/rs73300638, IRF5/rs2004640, MEFV/rs224217, PSMA3/rs2348071 and PTPN2/rs7234029), respectively (table 2). No significant association was found for the other 78 SNPs and JIA-U (online supplementary table 3).
Supplemental material
Supplemental material
Genotype and allele frequencies of PRM1, JAZF1, IRF5, MEFV, PSMA3 and PTPN2 polymorphisms in patients with JIA-U versus healthy controls
A significantly increased frequency of the CC genotype and C allele of PRM1/rs11074967 was detected in patients with JIA-U when compared with controls (Pc=2.39×10−2, OR=2.167 and Pc=4.17×10−2, OR=1.864, respectively). A significant decrease was found in the frequency of the JAZF1/rs73300638 AA genotype and A allele (Pc=7.21×10−3, OR=0.420 and Pc=2.84×10−3, OR=0.564, respectively), IRF5/rs2004640 GG genotype and G allele (Pc=6.07×10−3, OR=0.448 and Pc=5.33×10−3, OR=0.559, respectively), MEFV /rs224217 GG genotype and G allele (Pc=2.61×10−2, OR=0.483 and Pc=3.39×10−2, OR=0.572, respectively), PSMA3/rs2348071 AA genotype and A allele (Pc=2.53×10−2, OR=0.405 and Pc=9.40×10−3, OR=0.586, respectively) and PTPN2/rs7234029 AA genotype and A allele (Pc=5.52×10−3, OR=0.426 and Pc=1.16×10−2, OR=0.586, respectively) in JIA patients with uveitis as compared with healthy controls (table 2) . Pooling of the two patient groups resulted in a lower risk association for PRM1/rs11074967, IRF5/rs2004640, MEFV/rs224217, PSM3/rs2348071, PTPN2/rs7234029 compared with to the JIAU population alone, whereas in case of JAZF/rs73300638, a more significant Pc value was found in the combined JIA-U and IPU groups (online supplementary table 4).
Supplemental material
Discussion
In the present study, we investigated the association between 84 candidate SNPs with IPU and JIA-U in a Chinese Han population, whereby SNPs were selected on the basis that they had been reported earlier to be associated with JIA. No associations were found in the IPU group, whereas we were able to confirm an association between six candidate SNPs (PRM1/rs11074967, JAZF1/rs73300638, IRF5/rs2004640, MEFV/rs224217, PSMA3/rs2348071 and PTPN2/rs7234029) with JIA-U.20 21 26 31 33 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that addressed the issue whether JIA-U and IPU have a shared genetic background.
Not many studies have addressed the genetic aspects of PU. A significant association has been reported between PU and gene polymorphisms in MiR-146a (MicroRNA) and Ets-1 (Ets gene family of transcription factor.36 Earlier studies showed an association between rs12569232 and rs6540679 of TRAF5 with PU.23 However, these studies enrolled patients without excluding patients with JIA or any form of arthritis. According to the clinical manifestations of patients in our study, we found that IPU and JIA-U are very similar. The distinction between the two diseases mainly depends on whether patients have idiopathic arthritis. Furthermore, our findings show that the genetic basis of IPU and JIA-U may be quite different, which supports the concept that the two diseases should be considered as two separate clinical entities.
JIA is considered as the most common inflammatory rheumatic disorder in childhood, and is defined as a group of unexplained chronic joint disorders, which occur before the 16th year of life and lasting for a time period of at least 6 weeks.17 37 In the recent decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as well as exome sequencing and SNP analysis have identified a number of immune response pathways that are involved in the development of JIA. A GWAS study involving 2816 JIA individual and 13 056 healthy controls confirmed association of three known JIA risk loci (the human leucocyte antigen region, PTPN22 and PTPN2) and identified 14 new loci by immunochip analysis.21 A genetic association study was also performed in patients from Northwest European descent and confirmed the association of several genes (PTPN22, VTCN1, the IL2-IL21 region, ANKRD55 and TNFA) with JIA.19
We confirmed the JIA-U susceptibility locus in rs11074967, which is located near the PRM1 gene. PRM1 is a member of protamines which have been isolated from spermatozoa, playing a role in sperm chromatin condensation.38 Most studies on PRM1 are related to male infertility.39 40 The association between JIA and PRM1/rs11074967 was discovered using GWAS and it was suggested that the G allele of PRM1/rs11074967 was a protective factor, which is in agreement with our findings. This locus is novel and has not been found to be relevant in other diseases, and its function is still unclear.
The association of JIA with JAZF1/rs73300638, was also reported by this group.21 The rs73300638 polymorphism is on the intron of the gene that encodes the protein named ‘juxtaposed with another zinc finger protein 1’ (JAZF1). In agreement with the earlier GWAS study in JIA,21 we also found that the C allele of rs73300638 acts as a risk variant for JIA-U. This variant was not found to be associated with other diseases. The biological function of this locus is unknown. SNPs in JAZF were also shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) susceptibility, in subjects belonging to various different ethnic populations.41–43
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a transcription factor that acts as repressor or activator of type I interferon genes and plays an important role in the induction of several proinflammatory cytokines.44 45 Associations have been reported for the IRF5 gene with immune disorders such as JIA, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis (SSc).26 46–48 IRF5/rs2004640 is located in the first exon of IRF5 and it was reported that patients with JIA, SLE, SSc or RA have a higher frequency of the T allele and TT genotype of rs2004640 compared with controls.26 47–49 Although our data failed to demonstrate a significant increase in the TT genotype of rs2004640 in JIA-U patients, we did find a significantly higher frequency of the T allele in JIA-U patients and this result was consistent with data found in the other diseases mentioned above.
The MEFV gene encodes a protein called pyrin (also known as marenostrin) that controls caspase-1 activation and IL-1β processing.50 We hypothesise that polymorphisms of MEFV may affect IL-1β production and processing, which in turn may predispose to JIA-U although further experiments are needed to prove this assumption. Our results are consistent with earlier reports in JIA,33 showing that the G allele and GG genotype of rs224217 act as protective factors. This variant was also investigated in inflammatory bowel disease51 and BD,52 but no significant associations were found. Other variants of MEFV (rs224224 and rs224223) have been shown to be associated with familial Mediterranean fever.53
The proteasome subunit alpha type-3 (PSMA3) gene encodes a protein named macropain subunit C8.54 Being a component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, genetic variations in PSMA3 have been identified as susceptibility factors for several autoimmune diseases such as JIA20 and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).54 Previous studies have only found that the AG genotype of PSMA3/rs2348071 is a risk genotype of JIA, but our study failed to reach the same conclusion. Our data showed a significantly decrease frequency of the G allele and GG genotype of rs2348071 in patients with JIA-U. The reason for this discrepancy is not yet clear. Like many of the other disease associated loci, the biological function of this polymorphism is also not yet known.
PTPN2 acts as a key regulatory factor in the T-cell-mediated immune response via Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of the JAK/STAT pathway.55 The A allele and AA genotype of PTPN2/rs7234019 was also identified to be a protective factor for JIA by the GWAS study mentioned above21 and was now confirmed in our study in JIA-U. A polymorphism of PTPN2 was reported earlier by our group to be associated with uveitis in patients with BD.56 In that study we showed that carriers of the AA and AG genotypes in rs7234029 showed a significantly lower mRNA expression of PTPN2 than those carrying the GG genotype.56 These findings suggested that a variant of rs7234029 may affect the JAK1/STAT pathway and may contribute to the inflammation seen in JIA and JIA-U patients.
Our study has several limitations which we would like to mention here. We only enrolled Chinese Han patients and our data need to be confirmed in patients from other ethnic backgrounds. Furthermore, we only included JIA patients with uveitis and it would be interesting to see whether the same set of SNPs shows similar results in a Han Chinese JIA population without uveitis. It is possible that the associations found are related to the joint and not to the intraocular manifestations. It is also possible that genetic susceptibility is related to early onset, oligoarthritis and ANA status. Our sample size is however too small to perform a reliable analysis in separate subgroups. We have also not been able to collect enough Chinese JIA patients without uveitis and have not been able to test the gene associations in this separate patient group and hope to address this issue in the future. Our data should also not be extrapolated to other autoimmune or autoinflammatory uveitis entities. Additionally, it should be realised that IPU may not be a distinct clinical entity and could be a gathering of different intraocular inflammatory diseases in children, which may obscure potential associations with gene polymorphisms of the various immune response and inflammation pathways. Careful clinical descriptions and regular follow-up of this patient group is needed to resolve this issue. Another limitation is the fact that it is not yet exactly known whether some of the variants identified are functional variants and even if this would be known, how this would exactly affect the pathogenesis of uveitis in children with JIA. Moreover, since JIA comprises a heterogeneous group of chronic arthritis, which can be divided into seven distinct subtypes, based on clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters, there are some drawbacks of our study concerning the assumption that our disease control population is genetically homogenous. A larger patient sample size might allow the comparison with a phenotypically more homogeneous patient group.
In summary, our findings showed no evidence for an association of JIA related gene polymorphisms with IPU in Han Chinese, which lends support to the fact that one is clearly dealing with two different uveitis entities, with a similar clinical appearance but each with its own prognosis and clinical management.
References
Footnotes
JD, HT and JH contributed equally.
Contributors PY and JH conceived and designed the study. JD, HT, JH, QC, XH, CZ and YW prepared the samples, materials and performed the experiments. JD, JH and HT wrote the initial draft of the paper. GS, AK and PY reviewed the data analysis and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Funding This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project grant number 81720108009, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology grant number CSTC, 2008CA5003, and the Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing grant number cstc2017shmsA130073. Thanks to all donors enrolled in the present study.
Competing interests None declared.
Patient consent for publication Before participant recruitment, every investigated individual was fully informed about the study and signed an informed consent. Informed consent from the patients who were younger than 18 years was obtained from their parents or guardians.
Ethics approval Experimental procedures and research design were conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and received the approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (permit No. 2009–201008).
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data sharing statement All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information.
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