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• Author Reply: Dynamics of corneal endothelial death in organ culture
  Gilles Thuret
  Published on: 22 March 2016
• Cell death assays for endothelial viability in corneal donor tissue
  Jonathan Guy Crowston
  Published on: 22 March 2016

• Published on: 22 March 2016

  Author Reply: Dynamics of corneal endothelial death in organ culture

  • Gilles Thuret, Ophthalmologist
  • Other Contributors:
    • Christophe Chiquet, Lydia Campos, and Philippe Gain

  Dear Editor

  We read with interest the remarks of Crowston et al. [1] on our article entitled "Value of two mortality assessment techniques for organ cultured corneal endothelium: trypan blue versus TUNEL technique".[2] We showed that the TUNEL technique revealed a far higher percentage of endothelial cells (ECs) irreversibly engaged in a cell death process than that obtained by trypan blue staining.

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  Dear Editor

  We read with interest the remarks of Crowston et al. [1] on our article entitled "Value of two mortality assessment techniques for organ cultured corneal endothelium: trypan blue versus TUNEL technique".[2] We showed that the TUNEL technique revealed a far higher percentage of endothelial cells (ECs) irreversibly engaged in a cell death process than that obtained by trypan blue staining.

  The two techniques were performed sequentially: after observation of trypan blue staining, corneas were immediately fixed in formaldehyde for TUNEL. Crowston et al. suggest that the trypan blue itself and/or the time spent outside the organ-culture medium before fixing in formaldehyde may have caused an artefactual increase in the percentage of TUNEL-positive ECs. Two arguments counter this remark:
  1. The trypan blue staining procedure is identical to that used in all European cornea banks that use organ culture during endothelial examination(s) of grafts. Neither the low concentration of trypan blue (0.4%) nor the short exposure time (about 1 minute) nor the short incubation in the presence of 0.9% NaCl has ever been incriminated in ECs over-mortality in routine practice.[3] Moreover, the innocuity of injections of trypan blue into the anterior chamber, a common feature during cataract surgery, has been well demonstrated.[4]

  2. The time spent outside the organ-culture medium before fixing in formaldehyde, a period required for vital staining and microscopic examination of the endothelium, lasts only a few minutes. The cornea remains under the microscope for about one minute only, the time needed for image acquisition. Such rapidity is possible by using a prototype automatic analyser of the endothelium, which we developed and have recently published.[5] This is very probably insufficient time for DNA fragmentation to occur in the proportion we observed. Moreover, the fixing of the endothelial layer in 10% formaldehyde is immediate, and prevents any continuation of fragmentation phenomena. On balance, it is highly unlikely that the succession of markings is responsible for the discrepancy between the positivity percentages of the two techniques. In addition, we chose not to perform the two techniques simultaneously on paired corneas or on the halves of one cornea because we wanted to superimpose the two stains on the same cornea and thus obtain a double cell staining.

  The second remark by Crowston et al. is particularly interesting. We too were surprised by the high percentage of TUNEL-positive ECs (mean 12.7%, SD 16.4). This may imply that all the cells died within 8 days, which was evidently not the case. We believe this apparent contradiction can be explained by the following theory. The TUNEL staining is positive during a relatively long window (24-48 hours [6]). The TUNEL index, measured at a given moment, provides a global view of all the cells with fragmented DNA. However, the DNA fragmentation may be at different stages, and the cells very likely spread according to a Gaussian distribution. Therefore the cells, which are TUNEL-positive at a given moment, will not all die instantaneously and simultaneously. Only the cells furthest to the right on the curve will die in the very short term, and it is probably these that are liable to be revealed by trypan blue. If it were possible to perform TUNEL on two consecutive days, the percentage of positive cells revealed would probably be very similar, but a large majority of the positive cells recorded on the second day would have already been counted on day one... It is, however, undeniable that the cells TUNEL-positive at a given moment will all die eventually. In other words, we believe that, at the end of storage, corneas contain a number of ECs engaged in an irreversible cell-death process far more extensive than the highly unreliable trypan blue staining technique suggests.

  References

  (1) Crowston JG, Healey PR, Maloof A, et al . Quantifying corneal endothelial cell death. Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:1068.

  (2) Gain P, Thuret G, Chiquet C, et al . Value of two mortality assessment techniques for organ cultured corneal endothelium: trypan blue versus TUNEL technique. Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:306-10.

  (3) Sperling S. Evaluation of the endothelium of human donor corneas by induced dilation of intercellular spaces and trypan blue. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1986;224:428-34.

  (4) Norn MS. Per operative trypan blue vital staining of corneal endothelium. Eight years' follow up. Acta Ophthalmol 1980;58:550-5.

  (5) Gain P, Thuret G, Kodjikian L, et al. Automated tri-image analysis of stored corneal endothelium. Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:801-8.

  (6) Mesner PW, Epting CL, Hegarty JL, et al. A timetable of events during programmed cell death induced by trophic factor withdrawal from neuronal PC12 cells. J Neurosci 1995;15:7357-66.

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  Conflict of Interest:
  None declared.

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• Published on: 22 March 2016

  Cell death assays for endothelial viability in corneal donor tissue

  • Jonathan Guy Crowston, Ophthalmologist
  • Other Contributors:
    • Paul Healey, Anthony Maloof, Bruce Allan

  Dear Editor

  We read with interest the paper by Gain et al. [1] which assessed two distinct techniques to quantify corneal endothelial cell death in donor corneas. A significantly higher rate of cell death was observed with the TUNEL assay which labels nuclei with fragmented DNA, compared to the trypan blue exclusion method, which detects cells with disrupted cell membranes. The authors conclude that...

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  Dear Editor

  We read with interest the paper by Gain et al. [1] which assessed two distinct techniques to quantify corneal endothelial cell death in donor corneas. A significantly higher rate of cell death was observed with the TUNEL assay which labels nuclei with fragmented DNA, compared to the trypan blue exclusion method, which detects cells with disrupted cell membranes. The authors conclude that TUNEL analysis is more accurate than trypan blue exclusion as a means of assessing the impact of different corneal storage methods on endothelial viability.

  Our experience of using a number of cell death assays to investigate fibroblast apoptosis together with the findings of others [2,3] supports the notion that trypan blue exclusion is not a good method for detecting apoptosis in vitro. However, we would like to propose that the sequential analysis of the same corneal tissue in this study might account for some of the disparity observed between the two methods. Following initial incubation in trypan blue, buttons were subjected to image analysis as well as cell density measurements after further incubation in 0.9 % sodium chloride. After this the buttons were fixed overnight in 10 % formaldehyde in preparation for TUNEL. It is possible that the higher rates of death observed by TUNEL reflect the known toxicity of trypan blue, or are a consequence of subsequent manipulation in image analysis and cell density measurement. The low rates of cell death observed by both techniques in non-stored corneas do not negate this possibility, since healthier corneas may be more resistant to the effects of trypan blue and subsequent analysis. Randomisation of the sequence of analysis between the techniques compared would not have been possible, but the authors could have divided the corneas before storage or used paired eyes as separate matched specimens.

  The authors argue that the disparity between endothelial cell loss and observed cell death is greater for trypan blue exclusion because loss of membrane integrity occurs relatively late, giving a shorter observational window in which to detect dying cells than TUNEL analysis, which detects apoptosis earlier. But the relatively high percentage of apoptotic cells (12.7 %) observed by TUNEL analysis may be an overestimate. Although the time span for apoptosis varies greatly depending on the cell type and nature of the apoptotic trigger, many estimates suggest that the processes is completed in less than 24 hours.[4] If 12.7 % of cells undergo apoptosis at any given time it can be predicted that complete endothelial cell death would occur within 8 days. The actual loss observed over the 22-day incubation period in this study was however only around 14 %.

  We agree with the authors regarding the need for accurate methods for determining endothelial cell death. No individual assay per-se, is ideal for both quantifying and determining the mode of cell death and combinations of assays should give a clearer picture of the impact of variations in corneal storage on endothelial viability.

  References

  (1) Gain P, Thuret G, Chiquet C, Dumollard JM, Mosnier JF, Burillon C, Delbosc B, Hervé P, Campos L. Value of two mortality assessment techniques for organ cultured corneal endothelium: trypan blue versus TUNEL technique. Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:306-10.

  (2) McCloskey, TW et al. Comparison of seven quantitative assays to assess lymphocyte cell death during HIV infection: measurement of induced apoptosis in anti-Fas-treated Jurkat cells and spontaneous apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children infected with HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998;14(16):1413-22.

  (3) Crowston, JG et al. Antimetabolite-induced apoptosis in Tenon's capsule fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998;39(2):449-54.

  (4) Kravtsov, VD, Daniel TO, Koury MJ. Comparative analysis of different methodological approaches to the in vitro study of drug-induced apoptosis. Am J Pathol 1999;155(4):1327-39.

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  Conflict of Interest:
  None declared.

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