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Abstract
Aims To evaluate corneal hysteresis (CH) and intraocular pressure (IOP) before and after IOP lowering with prostaglandin analogue (PGA) therapy in medication-naïve eyes.
Methods In this retrospective study, we included records from 57 consecutive patients with open angle glaucoma who were initiated on PGA. Patients underwent ocular response analyser measurement with IOP assessment at baseline (untreated) and at follow-up (treated).
Results Median follow-up time between IOP measurements was 1.4 (range 0.4–13.5) months. IOP was reduced by 3.2 mm Hg (18.8%) from 17.0 to 13.8 mm Hg (p<0.001). CH increased by 0.5 mm Hg (5.2%) from 9.7 to 10.2 mm Hg (p=0.02). Baseline CH (but not baseline central corneal thickness) was a significant predictor of the magnitude of IOP reduction, with patients in the lowest quartile of CH (mean 7.0 mm Hg) experiencing a 29.0% reduction in IOP while those in the highest CH quartile (mean 11.9 mm Hg) experienced a 7.6% reduction in IOP (p=0.006). A multivariate analysis controlling for baseline IOP demonstrated that baseline CH independently predicted the magnitude of IOP reduction with PGA therapy in both per cent (ß=3.5, p=0.01) and absolute (ß=0.6, p=0.02) terms.
Conclusion Although CH is influenced by IOP, baseline CH is independently associated with the magnitude of IOP reduction with PGA therapy.
- Corneal hysteresis
- ocular response analyser
- corneal thickness
- glaucoma
- prostaglandin analogue
- intraocular pressure
- diagnostic tests/investigation
- treatment medical
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- Corneal hysteresis
- ocular response analyser
- corneal thickness
- glaucoma
- prostaglandin analogue
- intraocular pressure
- diagnostic tests/investigation
- treatment medical
Introduction
Glaucoma is a potentially blinding optic neuropathy that is estimated to affect 60.5 million people worldwide by 2010.1 Identified risk factors for glaucoma include older age, lower central corneal thickness (CCT), elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), African-American race and Hispanic ethnicity.2–4 Since IOP is the only currently modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, its accurate assessment and successful reduction is crucial to treating the disease.
The current clinical gold standard for measuring IOP is Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT).5 Although it has been shown that GAT values are elevated in eyes with thicker corneas, adjustment of IOP for CCT has not been widely adopted due to the variable magnitude of influence of CCT on GAT and the risk of overcorrection.6 In addition, there is evidence from large clinical trials to suggest that low CCT may be a risk factor for glaucoma independent of its direct impact on GAT measurement2 3; this may result from either anatomical structure and/or genetic tissue susceptibility.2 7
One possible explanation for the failure of CCT to account accurately for GAT measurement inaccuracies is that resistance to corneal deformation during applanation is more related to corneal viscoelasticity or strength, rather than corneal thickness.8 Recently, the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA; Reichert, Corp., New York, USA) has been used to attempt to adjust for viscoelastic corneal properties when measuring IOP. This non-contact tonometer measures several ocular properties including corneal hysteresis (CH) and Goldmann-correlated IOP (IOPg). CH is defined as the difference between the air-jet pressure at inward and outward applanation and is considered to be a measure of corneal viscous dampening, and thus the cornea's resistance to deformation.9–11 CH has been shown be associated with progressive field worsening in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and lower CH was shown to be associated with worse visual field damage in patents with asymmetric POAG.9 12 Several recent investigations have demonstrated that IOPg may be a precise and replicable alternative to GAT.13–15 Accordingly, in a study of CH and IOP, IOPg may be the preferable measurement for IOP since both CH and IOPg are obtained objectively and simultaneously from the same machine.
In the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study, Brandt and colleagues reported that patients with thicker corneas had smaller IOP reduction from topical IOP-lowering medication.16 Since CH may capture different elements from CCT of the cornea's biomechanical nature, we sought to determine if CH is also a significant predictor of the expected magnitude of IOP reduction with topical IOP-lowering medication. Furthermore, since increasing CH was previously reported following surgical IOP lowering,17 we sought to determine whether IOP lowering with prostaglandin (PGA) therapy is associated with increasing CH.
Methods
The study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. One hundred and thirty-eight consecutive patients aged ≥18 years undergoing sequential CH measurement at the authors' practices in New York City were considered for inclusion in this retrospective study. All patients had a clinical diagnosis of POAG and had documented open angles by gonioscopy within 2 years of inclusion. Patients <18 years of age or with a history of corneal disease or keratorefractive surgery were excluded. Consecutively evaluated eligible patients were included in the study if they were naïve to ocular hypotensive therapy and were initiated on PGA monotherapy from an untreated baseline. Eyes with a baseline IOPg >28 (n=10) were excluded from the study in order to eliminate leverage points and limit the potential for regression to the mean on the study results.
Included patients were seen at two separate visits where ORA measurement and GAT were performed. In accordance with clinic protocol, ORA measurements were performed until a waveform score of 6.5 or better was obtained or until five measurements were obtained per eye; the measurement with the highest waveform score was retained. Patient records were reviewed for demographic data and medication use. Baseline CCT measurements obtained via ultrasound pachymetry (DGH Technology, Exton, Pennsylvania, USA) were recorded from patient charts. For both the baseline and follow-up visit, IOP measured by GAT and IOPg was recorded.
Statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 11/IC (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA). IOPg was used as the IOP measurement for all statistics presented, unless otherwise specified. Among patients with two eligible eyes, the right eye was chosen to conduct parametric statistical tests, including paired t tests and ANOVA. The Bonferroni correction was used to adjust for multiple pairwise comparisons where appropriate. Generalised estimating equations were used to construct linear models allowing for adjustment of inter-eye correlation among individual patients. All statistical tests were two-sided, with a 0.05 level of significance.
Results
We included 57 patients with POAG undergoing initial PGA therapy from an untreated baseline. Patient characteristics are presented in table 1. The mean and median intervals from untreated baseline to PGA-treated follow-up examination were 2.2±2.5 months and 1.4 months, respectively (range 0.4–13.5 months). Over this duration, mean CH increased significantly (9.7–10.2 mm Hg; p=0.02), while IOP decreased significantly (17.0–13.8 mm Hg, p<0.001).
Patient characteristics
We plotted the relationship between baseline and follow-up IOP (figure 1), as well as between baseline CH and the decrease in IOP between examinations (figure 2). A linear relationship was observed between baseline CH and both the absolute (r=0.34, p=0.01) and per cent change (r=0.31, p=0.02) in IOP over this interval. Only a weak, non-significant relationship was observed between CCT and absolute (r=0.12, p=0.3) or per cent (r=0.17, p=0.2) decrease in IOPg.
Baseline and follow-up intraocular pressure (IOP). A scatter plot illustrates the relationship between baseline IOP and follow-up IOP for each patient initiated on PGA therapy; the line y=x is superimposed to illustrate the relationship between pre- and post-treatment IOP for each patient.
Intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction as a function of corneal hysteresis (CH). A scatter plot illustrates the relationship between baseline corneal hysteresis (CH) and the change in IOP following initiation of prostaglandin analogue (PGA) therapy; the best-fit line is shown (r=0.5).
In order to determine whether the response to initiation of topical therapy was dependent on baseline CH and/or CCT, we examined the absolute and percentage decrease in IOP for each quartile of CH and CCT (table 2). We observed a significantly smaller reduction in IOP among higher CH quintiles compared with lower CH quartiles (ANOVA, p<0.01). No significant relationship was determined between CCT quartile and response of IOP to topical therapy (ANOVA, p≥0.4).
IOP response to therapy by baseline CH and CCT
Patients with lower baseline CH also had moderately higher baseline IOP (r=−0.32, p=0.01). Accordingly, we sought to determine whether the greater response to treatment among patients with low CH occurred due to regression to the mean or whether this relationship existed independently of baseline IOP. Linear models were constructed and after adjusting for baseline IOP, increasing baseline CH significantly predicted a smaller treatment response as measured by an absolute (ß=0.6, 95% CI 0.1 to 1.1, p=0.02) or per cent (ß=3.5, 95% CI 0.8 to 6.3, p=0.01) change in IOP (table 3).
Linear models of relationship between CH and IOPg response to therapy
To confirm the validity of our findings using the current clinical standard GAT, we repeated the analyses using this variable and found that GAT decreased significantly with PGA therapy (p<0.001). The magnitude of GAT reduction, as measured by absolute (p=0.02) and per cent change (p=0.05), also decreased with increasing CH. Moreover, we included length of follow-up in the multivariable model containing CH and IOP and found that it did not significantly alter the relationship between these variables (p>0.05).
Discussion
In this investigation of patients with POAG experiencing IOP reduction with primary PGA therapy, we confirmed a dependence of CH on IOP and demonstrated that baseline CH is associated with the magnitude of IOP reduction. CH may be a promising metric for predicting glaucoma progression.9 The present study adds to past investigations demonstrating that CH may also be a valuable tool for assessing the expected response of patients to topical PGA glaucoma therapy.
A number of prior studies have examined the association between CH and glaucomatous visual field or optic nerve findings.9 18 19 In addition, investigations have indicated that eyes with higher IOP have a lower CH and that therapeutic manipulation of IOP may induce an inverse response in CH.17 20 For example, Sun and colleagues found that CH was significantly lower in eyes with chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma compared with fellow-eyes and normal controls. Moreover, in this prospective study, they found that following trabeculectomy IOP decreased on average from 31.5 to 11.5 mm Hg and that CH increased from 6.8 to 9.2 mm Hg over the same time period.17
With the apparent dependence of CH on IOP we expected to observe regression of IOP towards the mean among patients with low CH in this study. To address the issue of regression to the mean, we adjusted for baseline IOP and determined that CH remained significantly associated with the magnitude of IOP reduction from topical PGA therapy. Therefore, although CH is generally lower in patients with higher IOP, independently of this a lower CH may be predictive of a greater IOP reduction from PGA therapy.
Given that a lower CH is also a risk factor for glaucoma progression and that eyes with worse field damage have lower CH, the finding that patients with lower CH have a greater response to PGA therapy paints a complex picture in the integration of IOP reduction and baseline risk factors.9 12 One possible explanation for this relationship may be that although patients with lower CH are more responsive to PGA therapy, they require a much greater IOP reduction than those with higher CH in order to avoid progression. In addition, it is possible that after initiation of therapy clinicians are satisfied with the observed reduction in IOP and do not consider that IOP may be underestimated in patients with lower CH.
In the present study, we were unable to replicate the finding from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study that patients with thicker corneas had smaller IOP responses to ocular hypotensive medications including PGAs.16 However, in that study Brandt and colleagues found a difference in IOP reduction of only 2.3 mm Hg (8.2%) between the top and bottom CCT tercile for patients receiving PGA treatment.16 Since we did observe a trend towards patients with thicker corneas experiencing a smaller IOP reduction, we believe that the current study may have been underpowered to the relatively small impact of CCT on IOP response to topical therapy.
There are multiple hypotheses that may explain the differential response to PGA therapy as a function of CH seen in this study. First, as Brandt and colleagues hypothesised regarding patients with thick corneas,16 it is possible that patients with high CH comprise the 15–30% of glaucoma patients cited as non-responders in drug trials.21 22 It is also possible that IOP measurement is affected by CH in such a manner that changes in IOP are more difficult to measure in eyes with high CH. Since a higher CH corresponds to greater resistance to corneal deformation, it is not surprising if any form of tonometry dependent on corneal deformation or applantation may be impacted by CH.10 11 Finally, it is possible that CH correlates with biostructural features of the cornea, such as collagen composition, that may shape the innate susceptibility of an eye to PGA treatment. The possibility that CH correlates with such structural features of the eye is supported by research that has shown a decrease of CH with ageing independent of changes in CCT or IOP,23 as well the finding that glaucoma patients with low CH but not low CCT have greater backward bowing of the lamina cribrosa in response to transient IOP elevation.18
There are several limitations to the current study. Principally, the investigation is limited by its retrospective nature. Accordingly, we are unable to draw conclusions about causality and the prospective impact of CH on IOP reduction. In addition, we chose to employ IOPg to measure IOP in this study. Since some prior studies have relied on other measurements of IOP, particularly GAT, this may limit comparability across studies. Nevertheless, we believe that this is a minor point since the outcome of interest in this study was IOP change, not true IOP, so any reproducible method of IOP measurement should provide external validity. Finally, the study is limited by the lack of serial IOP measurements. The authors acknowledge the improved precision of serial IOP measurements; however, there is no reason to believe that noise generated by a lack of serial measurements would bias the study in a particular direction. Acquisition of multiple IOP measurements was beyond the scope of the current study, which is retrospective in nature and exploited extant data from the standard clinical evaluation of patients.
The present study adds to what is already known about the usefulness of CH, demonstrating that this measure of corneal biomechanics may be useful for predicting IOP change in research and/or clinical settings. That CH is partially dependent upon IOP deserves further consideration in determining whether CH is truly an innate corneal property. Nevertheless, a prospective study with multiple treatment arms would be useful in better defining this relationship and clarifying its full implications for improving patient care.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Weill Cornell Medical College Department of Ophthalmology for institutional support.
References
Footnotes
Funding This work was supported in part by the American Glaucoma Society and the Medical Student Training in Aging Research Program.
Competing interests All authors have completed the Unified Competing Interest form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare that: (1) DRA, JRE, MS and NMR have instrument support from Reichert, Inc. for the submitted work; (2) NMR is a consultant to Allergan and Alcon; and (3) the authors have no non-financial interests that may be relevant to the submitted work.
Ethics approval This study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board at Weill Cornell Medical College and New York Presbyterian Hospital.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.