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Normative data for three tests of visuocognitive function in primary school children: cross-sectional study
  1. Cathy Williams1,2,
  2. Iain D Gilchrist3,
  3. Sue Fraser2,
  4. HM McCarthy2,
  5. Julie Parker2,
  6. Penny Warnes2,
  7. Jill Young4,
  8. Lea Hyvarinen5
  1. 1School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon, UK
  2. 2Bristol Eye Hospital, University Hospitals of Bristol Foundation NHS Trust, Bristol, Avon, UK
  3. 3School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, Avon, UK
  4. 4Emerson's Green Primary School, Bristol City Council, Bristol, Avon, UK
  5. 5Rehabilitation Sciences, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
  1. Correspondence to Cathy Williams, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK; Cathy.Williams{at}bristol.ac.uk

Abstract

Background/Aims There is an increasing recognition that visuocognitive difficulties occur in children with neurodevelopmental problems. We obtained normative data for the performance of primary school children using three tests of visuocognitive function that are practicable in a clinical setting.

Methods We tested 214 children aged between 4 and 11 years without known developmental problems, using tests to assess (1) orientation recognition and adaptive movement (postbox task), (2) object recognition (rectangles task) and (3) spatial integration (contours task).

Results 96% could do the postbox task with ease—only 4% (all aged <9 years) exhibited minor difficulties. Errors in the rectangles task decreased with age: 33% of children aged 4–5 years had major difficulties but >99% of children aged ≥6 years had no, or minor, difficulties. Median scores for the contours task improved with age, and after age 8 years, 99% could see the contour using long-range spatial integration rather than density.

Conclusions These different aspects of children’s visuocognitive performance were testable in a field setting. The data provide a benchmark by which to judge performance of children with neurodevelopmental problems and may be useful in assessment with a view to providing effective supportive strategies for children whose visuocognitive skills are lower than the expectation for their age.

  • Visual perception
  • Child health (paediatrics)
  • Epidemiology
  • Rehabilitation
  • Diagnostic tests/Investigation

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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