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Abstract
Background To assess the prevalence of myopia and the distribution of ocular axial length as surrogate for myopic refractive error in school children in a population in Russia.
Methods The Ural Children Eye Study, a school-based case–control study, was conducted in Ufa/Bashkortostan/Russia from 2019 to 2022 and included 4933 children (age: 9.7±2.6 years; range: 6.2–18.8 years). The parents underwent a detailed interview and the children an ophthalmological and general examination.
Results Prevalence of any myopia (≤−0.50 dioptres (D)), minor myopia (−0.50 D to −1.0 D), moderate myopia (−1.01 D to −5.99 D) and high myopia (≤−6.0D) was 2187/3737 (46.2%; 95% CI 44.8% to 48.6%), 693/4737 (14.6%; 95% CI 13.6% to 15.6%), 1430/4737 (30.2%; 95% CI 28.9% to 31.5%) and 64/4737 (1.4%; 95% CI 1.0% to 1.7%), respectively. In the children aged 17+ years, prevalence of any, minor, moderate and high myopia was 170/259 (65.6%; 95% CI 59.8% to 71.5%), 130/259 (50.2%; 95% CI 44.1% to 56.3%), 28/259 (10.8%; 95% CI 7.0% to 14.6%) and 12/259 (4.6%; 95% CI 2.1% to 7.2%), respectively. After adjusting for corneal refractive power (beta: 0.09) and lens thickness (beta: −0.08), larger myopic refractive error was associated (r2=0.19) with older age (beta: 0.33), female sex (beta: 0.04), higher prevalence of maternal (beta: 0.15) and paternal (beta: 0.12) myopia, more time spent in school, with reading books or playing with the cell phone (beta: 0.05) and less total time spent outdoors (beta: 0.05). Axial length and myopic refractive error increased by 0.12 mm (95% CI 0.11 to 0.13) and −0.18 D (95% CI 0.17 to 0.20), respectively, per year of age.
Conclusions In this ethnically mixed urban school children population from Russia, prevalence of any myopia (65.6%) and high myopia (4.6%) in children aged 17+ years was higher than in adult populations in the same region and it was lower than in East Asian school children, with similar associated factors.
- Epidemiology
- Public health
Data availability statement
Data are available on reasonable request.
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Data availability statement
Data are available on reasonable request.
Footnotes
Contributors Design of the study: MMB, GMK and JBJ; Funding: MMB; Examination of study participants: MMB, GMK, AAF, AMT. EMI, SP-J, LIG, LAG, DAK, LII and JBJ; Supervision: MMB and GMK; Guarantor of overall content: MMB, JBJ.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests JBJ and SP-J: European patent EP 3 271 392, JP 2021-119187 and US 2021 0340237 A1: Agents for use in the therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of myopia or hyperopia. All other authors: none.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
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