PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Sasongko, Muhammad Bayu
AU  - Wardhana, Firman Setya
AU  - Febryanto, Gandhi Anandika
AU  - Agni, Angela Nurini
AU  - Supanji, Supanji
AU  - Indrayanti, Sarah Rizqia
AU  - Widayanti, Tri Wahyu
AU  - Widyaputri, Felicia
AU  - Widhasari, Idhayu Anggit
AU  - Lestari, Yeni Dwi
AU  - Adriono, Gitalisa Andayani
AU  - Sovani, Iwan
AU  - Kartasasmita, Arief Sjamsulaksan
TI  - The estimated healthcare cost of diabetic retinopathy in Indonesia and its projection for 2025
AID  - 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-313997
DP  - 2020 Apr 01
TA  - British Journal of Ophthalmology
PG  - 487--492
VI  - 104
IP  - 4
4099  - http://bjo.bmj.com/content/104/4/487.short
4100  - http://bjo.bmj.com/content/104/4/487.full
SO  - Br J Ophthalmol2020 Apr 01; 104
AB  - Purpose To estimate the total healthcare cost associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes in Indonesia and its projection for 2025.Methods A prevalence-based cost-of-illness model was constructed from previous population-based DR study. Projection for 2025 was derived from estimated diabetes population in 2025. Direct treatment costs of DR were estimated from the perspective of healthcare. Patient perspective costs were obtained from thorough interview including only transportation cost and lost of working days related to treatment. We developed four cost-of-illness models according to DR severity level, DR without necessary treatment, needing laser treatment, laser +intravitreal (IVT) injection and laser + IVT +vitrectomy. All costs were estimated in 2017 US$.Results The healthcare costs of DR in Indonesia were estimated to be $2.4 billion in 2017 and $8.9 billion in 2025. The total cost in 2017 consisted of the cost for no DR and mild–moderate non-proliferative DR (NPDR) requiring eye screening ($25.9 million), severe NPDR or proliferative DR (PDR) requiring laser treatment ($0.25 billion), severe NPDR or PDR requiring both laser and IVT injection ($1.75 billion) and advance level of PDR requiring vitrectomy ($0.44 billion).Conclusions The estimated healthcare cost of DR in Indonesia in 2017 was considerably high, nearly 2% of the 2017 national state budget, and projected to increase significantly to more than threefold in 2025. The highest cost may incur for DR requiring both laser and IVT injection. Therefore, public health intervention to delay or prevent severe DR may substantially reduce the healthcare cost of DR in Indonesia.