Primary antibodies
| Antibody | Mouse monoclonal (M) or rabbit polyclonal (R) | Dilution | Source/reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Growth factors: | |||
| VEGF | R | 1:20–1:1000 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA |
| TGF-β1 | R | 1:500 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology |
| TGF-β1 | R | 1:400 or 1:500 | Ref 35 |
| TGF-β2 | R | 1:400 or 1:500 | Ref 35 |
| TGF-β3 | R | 1:500 | Ref 35 |
| PDGF-A | R | 1:100 | Ref 36 |
| PDGF-B | M | 1:50 | Ref37 |
| bFGF | R | 1:3000 | Ref 38 |
| bFGF | M | 1:50 | Ref39 |
| Receptors: | |||
| Flt-1 | R | 1:100 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology |
| Flk-1 (smaller peptide fragment) | R | 1:100 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology |
| Flk-1 (overlapping, larger peptide fragment) | R | 1:100 | Santa Cruz Biotechnology |
| Cell type identification markers: | |||
| Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) | R | 1:1000 | Dako, Santa Barbara, CA; Ref 40 |
| Class III β tubulin | M | 1:500 | Ref 41 |
↵Immunostaining for VEGF was seen at all dilutions of primary antibodies ranging from 1:20 to 1:1000 (1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, and 1:1000). A dilution of 1:20 was used on specimens that were photographed because it enhanced the crispness of the staining without adding any background or false positive staining.