Risk of visual impairment and blindness by age and sex
| *Odds ratio | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|
| *Odds ratios are derived from logistic regression models taking into account cluster sample design. They represent the increased odds of developing visual impairment or blindness associated with age (compared to age-group 75–79) , by each year of increasing age or being female. | ||
| †Separate models were fitted for age grouped and age by year. | ||
| ‡Controlled for age by year. | ||
| Visual impairment: binocular acuity <6/18 | ||
| Independent associations | ||
| Age | ||
| 75–79 | 1 | |
| 80–84 | 2.04 | 1.80 to 2.33 |
| 85–89 | 4.65 | 3.88 to 5.56 |
| 90+ | 8.88 | 7.11 to 11.07 |
| Age (by year) | 1.16 | 1.15 to 1.18 |
| Female sex | 1.67 | 1.51 to 1.85 |
| With both age and sex in the model† | ||
| Age | ||
| 75–79 | 1 | |
| 80–84 | 2.00 | 1.76 to 2.28 |
| 85–89 | 4.52 | 3.76 to 5.42 |
| 90+ | 8.34 | 6.67 to 10.43 |
| Age (by year) | 1.16 | 1.14 to 1.17 |
| Female sex‡ | 1.43 | 1.29 to 1.58 |
| Blindness: binocular acuity <3/60 | ||
| Independent associations | ||
| Age | ||
| 75–79 | 1 | |
| 80–84 | 3.76 | 2.58 to 5.47 |
| 85–89 | 7.11 | 4.90 to 10.32 |
| 90+ | 11.84 | 7.44 to 18.84 |
| Age (by year) | 1.16 | 1.13 to 1.18 |
| Female sex | 1.39 | 1.03 to 1.88 |
| With both factors in the model† | ||
| Age | ||
| 75–79 | 1 | |
| 80–84 | 3.73 | 2.55 to 5.45 |
| 85–89 | 7.02 | 4.78 to 10.29 |
| 90+ | 11.51 | 7.17 to 18.49 |
| Age (by year) | 1.16 | 1.13 to 1.18 |
| Female sex‡ | 1.14 | 0.84 to 1.54 |