Median values for non-ophthalmic parameters at the various retinopathy levels
| Total | Retinopathy grading | p Value* | p Value† | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4a | 4b | ||||
| Values in parentheses are interquartile ranges. | |||||||||
| BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin. | |||||||||
| p Values indicate differences between retinopathy levels and possible trends across increasing levels. | |||||||||
| *Differences between gradings were tested using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks, except for neuropathy where Pearson’s χ2 statistic was used. | |||||||||
| †Trends across increasing grading (excluding 4b) were tested using Jonckheere–Terpstra statistic, except for neuropathy where Mantel–Haenszel linear-by-linear association was used. | |||||||||
| ‡HbA1c was recorded for only 639 people with clinical type 1 diabetes and 321 with clinical type 2 diabetes. | |||||||||
| §BP was recorded for only 632 people with clinical type 1 diabetes and 313 with clinical type 2 diabetes. | |||||||||
| Type 1 diabetes | |||||||||
| n | 656 | 303 | 136 | 161 | 19 | 5 | 32 | ||
| Age at entry (years) | 37.3 (29.9 – 48.5) | 33.2 | 42.8 | 41.2 | 39.6 | 38.8 | 42.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 17.6 (9.9 – 26.2) | 11.2 | 22.7 | 21.9 | 18.1 | 23.1 | 27.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 19.0 (12.0 – 28.0) | 20.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 21.0 | 15.0 | 11.0 | 0.004 | 0.068 |
| Height (cm) | 172.0 (167.0 – 179.0) | 172.0 | 172.0 | 173.0 | 172.0 | 175.0 | 172.0 | 0.952 | 0.660 |
| Weight (kg) | 72.0 (64.0 – 82.0) | 72.0 | 72.0 | 73.0 | 70.0 | 75.0 | 69.0 | 0.661 | 0.270 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 (22.1 – 26.6) | 23.9 | 24.5 | 24.4 | 22.9 | 27.8 | 23.7 | 0.522 | 0.222 |
| HbA1c (%)† | 8.3 (7.6 – 9.2) | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 9.4 | 9.6 | 8.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg)* | 80.0 (70.0 – 85.0) | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 78.0 | 0.005 | 0 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg)‡ | 130.0 (120.0 – 140.0) | 125.0 | 130.0 | 133.0 | 135.0 | 140.0 | 140.0 | 0 | 0 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 9.1 | 4.6 | 11.0 | 14.9 | 5.3 | 40.0 | 12.5 | 0.001 | 0 |
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| n | 328 | 201 | 41 | 71 | 12 | 1 | 2 | ||
| Age at entry (years) | 58.1 (15.0 – 65.0) | 56.2 | 59.8 | 64.3 | 58.4 | 43.8 | 49.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 8.0 (11.0 – 14.3) | 5.0 | 10.1 | 15.1 | 15.3 | 6.8 | 16.6 | 0 | 0 |
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 48.0 (16.0 – 56.0) | 50.0 | 48.0 | 47.0 | 47.0 | 37.0 | 33.0 | 0.659 | 0.442 |
| Height (cm) | 171.0 (14.0 – 178.0) | 170.0 | 171.0 | 171.0 | 177.5 | 177.0 | 164.5 | 0.037 | 0.036 |
| Weight (kg) | 88.0 (28.0 – 101.8) | 87.0 | 90.0 | 93.0 | 98.5 | 106.0 | 67.0 | 0.022 | 0.005 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.7 (8.3 – 33.7) | 29.3 | 29.8 | 30.4 | 30.4 | 33.8 | 24.7 | 0.233 | 0.056 |
| HbA1c (%)‡ | 8.1 (2.3 – 9.2) | 7.8 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 6.8 | 0 | 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg)§ | 80.0 (15.0 – 90.0) | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 | 90.0 | 68.5 | 0.005 | 0.070 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg)§ | 140.0 (25.0 – 150.0) | 135.0 | 140.0 | 150.0 | 150.0 | 150.0 | 124.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Neuropathy (%) | 18.0 | 10.0 | 17.1 | 36.6 | 50.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |