Table 5

 Odds ratio of myopia, astigmatism and hyperopia in Singapore and Malaysia, by ethnic group

Crude OR (95% CI)p ValueAge–sex-adjusted OR (95% CI)p ValueMultivariate OR (95% CI)p Value
*For models with myopia and hyperopia as the dependent variable, adjusted for sex, age and father’s completed education level.
†For models with astigmatism as the dependent variable, adjusted for sex, age, father’s completed education level and myopia.
Myopia*
    Malay site (Singapore v Malaysia)2.82 (2.29 to 3.48)<0.0012.94 (2.33 to 3.69)<0.0013.32 (2.64 to 4.17)<0.001
    Chinese site (Singapore v Malaysia)1.50 (1.04 to 2.15)0.031.73 (1.17 to 2.58)0.0091.70 (1.13 to 2.56)0.013
    Indian site (Singapore v Malaysia)3.63 (2.46 to 5.35)<0.0013.89 (2.52 to 6.01)<0.0015.12 (2.68 to 9.81)<0.001
Astigmatism†
    Malay site (Singapore v Malaysia)3.45 (2.95 to 4.03)<0.0013.45 (2.91 to 4.09)<0.0013.47 (2.79 to 4.32)<0.001
    Chinese site (Singapore v Malaysia)1.43 (1.15 to 1.79)0.0031.42 (1.13 to 1.77)0.0041.26 (0.95 to 1.66)0.10
    Indian site (Singapore v Malaysia)2.44 (1.60 to 3.73)<0.0012.41 (1.55 to 3.75)<0.0011.90 (1.18 to 3.08)0.011
Hyperopia*
    Malay site (Singapore v Malaysia)1.20 (0.85 to 1.69)0.291.12 (0.79 to 1.58)0.511.13 (0.76 to 1.69)0.54
    Chinese site (Singapore v Malaysia)0.70 (0.30 to 1.60)0.370.60 (0.26 to 1.41)0.230.52 (0.23 to 1.16)0.11
    Indian site (Singapore v Malaysia)0.59 (0.23 to 1.55)0.270.53 (0.19 to 1.50)0.220.73 (0.12 to 4.33)0.71