Response distribution to European Quality of Life Questionnaire domains and adjusted odds ratios in cases and controls
| EQ-5D domain | Cases n (%) | Controls n (%) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EQ-5D, European Quality of Life Questionnaire. | ||||
| *Odds ratios (ORs) from forward selection logistic regression analysis, with age and sex always included in the model. | ||||
| †Adjusted for age, sex and location. | ||||
| ‡Adjusted for age, sex, literacy and location. | ||||
| §Owing to small cell sizes “some problem” and “severe problem” were combined to calculate ORs for “any problem”. | ||||
| Mobility | ||||
| No problem | 65 (33.2) | 93 (72.7) | Baseline | <0.001 |
| Some problem | 118 (60.2) | 35 (27.3) | 5 (3.0 to 8.2)§ | |
| Confined to bed | 13 (6.6) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| Self-care | ||||
| No problems | 106 (54.1) | 114 (89.1) | Baseline† | <0.001 |
| Some problems | 74 (37.8) | 14 (10.9) | 6.2 (3.3 to 11.7)§ | |
| Unable | 16 (8.2) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| Usual activities | ||||
| No problems | 44 (22.5) | 93 (72.7) | Baseline | <0.001 |
| Some problems | 103 (52.6) | 33 (25.8) | 8.9 (5.2 to 15.1)§ | |
| Unable | 49 (25.0) | 2 (1.6) | – | – |
| Pain/discomfort | ||||
| None | 30 (15.3) | 47 (36.7) | Baseline‡ | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 131 (66.8) | 75 (58.6) | 2.7 (1.5 to 4.8) | |
| Extreme | 35 (17.9) | 6 (4.7) | 6.8 (2.5 to 18.9) | |
| Anxiety/depression | ||||
| None | 40 (20.4) | 64 (50.0) | Baseline‡ | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 96 (49.0) | 57 (44.5) | 2.8 (1.6–4.8) | |
| Extreme | 60 (30.6) | 7 (5.5) | 13.9 (5.4 to 35.9) | |