Systemic characteristics | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Ocular characteristics | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
Age† (per 10 years) | 1.88 (1.66 to 2.13)** | Refractive error | |
Female‡ | 1.66 (1.27 to 2.17)** | Myopia (SE<−0.5 D) | 0.55 (0.37 to 0.82)* |
Emmetropia (−0.5 D⩽ SE ⩽+0.5 D) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Hypertension | 1.36 (0.96 to 1.93) | Hyperopia (SE>+0.5D) | 1.68 (1.24 to 2.27)* |
Diabetes | 1.13 (0.81 to 1.57) | Posterior subcapsular cataract§ | 0.29 (0.15 to 0.57)** |
Cigarette smoking | (Present vs absent) | ||
Never smoked | 1.00 (reference) | Retinal vessel diameters | |
Past smoker | 0.96 (0.65 to 1.42) | CRAE (per 10 μm decrease) | 1.22 (1.04 to 1.42)* |
Current smoker | 0.60 (0.38 to 0.94)* | CRVE (per 10 μm increase) | 1.07 (0.96 to 1.20) |
*Significant at p<0.05.
**Significant at p<0.001.
†Gender-adjusted odds ratio.
‡Age-adjusted odds ratio.
§Graded using the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III).
CRAE: central retinal arteriolar equivalents; CRVE: central retinal venular equivalents; SE, spherical equivalent power.