Table 3 Unadjusted and adjusted* odds ratios for acquiring myopia between 7 and 10 years of age
MeasureUnadjusted OR (95% CI)p ValueAdjusted OR (95% CI)p Value
Gender
    Male1.0 (referent)0.7811.0 (referent)0.846
    Female1.04 (0.79 to 1.38)1.03 (0.75 to 1.42)
Mother’s partner’s highest educational level
    Secondary1.0 (referent)0.4681.0 (referent)0.751
    Tertiary1.11 (0.84 to 1.47)0.95 (0.69 to 1.31)
No. of myopic parents
    01.0 (referent)0.0061.0 (referent)0.033
    11.22 (0.90 to 1.65)1.19 (0.85 to 1.67)
    22.07 (1.33 to 3.22)1.96 (1.18 to 3.26)
Ethnicity
    White1.0 (referent)0.010
    Non-white2.39 (1.23 to 4.64)
Ethnicity
    White/black1.0 (referent)<0.0011.0 (referent)0.008
    Asian5.62 (2.46 to 12.83)4.24 (1.45 to 12.34)
School-based SATS reading test
    W to 2A1.0 (referent)0.0051.0 (referent)0.013
    3 or 41.58 (1.15 to 2.17)1.52 (1.09 to 2.11)
School-based SATS maths test
    W to 2A1.0 (referent)0.0561.0 (referent)0.104
    3 or 41.38 (0.99 to 1.93)1.32 (0.94 to 1.86)
WORD score tertiles
    Lowest (<24)1.0 (referent)0.0011.0 (referent)0.003
    Middle (24 to 32)1.16 (0.78 to 1.72)1.13 (0.76 to 1.69)
    Highest (33 to 52)1.87 (1.31 to 2.66)1.77 (1.23 to 2.54)
Parental report of “Likes reading”
    Does not like1.0 (referent)0.0331.0 (referent)0.031
    Quite likes2.99 (0.93 to 9.68)3.17 (0.98 to 10.27)
    Likes a lot3.84 (1.21 to 12.14)4.05 (1.27 to 12.89)
Verbal IQ tertiles
    Lowest (<101)1.0 (referent)0.0021.0 (referent)0.007
    Middle (101 to 115)1.37 (0.91 to 2.06)1.37 (0.90 to 2.06)
    Highest (116 to 155)1.95 (1.33 to 2.85)1.88 (1.26 to 2.79)
Performance IQ tertiles
    Lowest (<94)1.0 (referent)0.0101.0 (referent)0.017
    Middle (94 to 109)1.71 (1.15 to 2.54)1.68 (1.13 to 2.51)
    Highest (109 to 151)1.77 (1.20 to 2.63)1.71 (1.14 to 2.55)
  • *All reading/IQ measures adjusted for sex, mother’s partner’s education, number of myopic parents and ethnicity (Asian vs non-Asian). Reading SATS was used as the representative reading/IQ measure to obtain the adjusted estimates for sex, mother’s partner’s education, number of myopic parents and ethnicity (Asian vs non-Asian) (n = 4665).