Measure | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value |
Gender | ||||
Male | 1.0 (referent) | 0.781 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.846 |
Female | 1.04 (0.79 to 1.38) | 1.03 (0.75 to 1.42) | ||
Mother’s partner’s highest educational level | ||||
Secondary | 1.0 (referent) | 0.468 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.751 |
Tertiary | 1.11 (0.84 to 1.47) | 0.95 (0.69 to 1.31) | ||
No. of myopic parents | ||||
0 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.006 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.033 |
1 | 1.22 (0.90 to 1.65) | 1.19 (0.85 to 1.67) | ||
2 | 2.07 (1.33 to 3.22) | 1.96 (1.18 to 3.26) | ||
Ethnicity | ||||
White | 1.0 (referent) | 0.010 | ||
Non-white | 2.39 (1.23 to 4.64) | |||
Ethnicity | ||||
White/black | 1.0 (referent) | <0.001 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.008 |
Asian | 5.62 (2.46 to 12.83) | 4.24 (1.45 to 12.34) | ||
School-based SATS reading test | ||||
W to 2A | 1.0 (referent) | 0.005 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.013 |
3 or 4 | 1.58 (1.15 to 2.17) | 1.52 (1.09 to 2.11) | ||
School-based SATS maths test | ||||
W to 2A | 1.0 (referent) | 0.056 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.104 |
3 or 4 | 1.38 (0.99 to 1.93) | 1.32 (0.94 to 1.86) | ||
WORD score tertiles | ||||
Lowest (<24) | 1.0 (referent) | 0.001 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.003 |
Middle (24 to 32) | 1.16 (0.78 to 1.72) | 1.13 (0.76 to 1.69) | ||
Highest (33 to 52) | 1.87 (1.31 to 2.66) | 1.77 (1.23 to 2.54) | ||
Parental report of “Likes reading” | ||||
Does not like | 1.0 (referent) | 0.033 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.031 |
Quite likes | 2.99 (0.93 to 9.68) | 3.17 (0.98 to 10.27) | ||
Likes a lot | 3.84 (1.21 to 12.14) | 4.05 (1.27 to 12.89) | ||
Verbal IQ tertiles | ||||
Lowest (<101) | 1.0 (referent) | 0.002 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.007 |
Middle (101 to 115) | 1.37 (0.91 to 2.06) | 1.37 (0.90 to 2.06) | ||
Highest (116 to 155) | 1.95 (1.33 to 2.85) | 1.88 (1.26 to 2.79) | ||
Performance IQ tertiles | ||||
Lowest (<94) | 1.0 (referent) | 0.010 | 1.0 (referent) | 0.017 |
Middle (94 to 109) | 1.71 (1.15 to 2.54) | 1.68 (1.13 to 2.51) | ||
Highest (109 to 151) | 1.77 (1.20 to 2.63) | 1.71 (1.14 to 2.55) |
*All reading/IQ measures adjusted for sex, mother’s partner’s education, number of myopic parents and ethnicity (Asian vs non-Asian). Reading SATS was used as the representative reading/IQ measure to obtain the adjusted estimates for sex, mother’s partner’s education, number of myopic parents and ethnicity (Asian vs non-Asian) (n = 4665).