Singapore9 (1999) | Singapore | ICD-9 (15) | 4 | 2705115 | 1126 | 10.5 (10.2 to 10.9) | N/S | N/S | N/S | N/S | N/S | N/S | N/S | No |
Stockholm and surrounding counties8 (1999) | Sweden | Prospective; diagnosis by clinician (12) | 1 | 1744330 | 1116 | 14 | N/S | N/S | N/S | 52.3% | −4.16 (−5 to −3.3 D)† | N/S | N/S | No |
Orebro and Varmland6 (1987) | Sweden | Prospective; diagnosis by clinician (16) | 10 | N/S | 590 | 10.6 (9.8 to 11.4) | 7.97 | 1.97* | 0.66 | N/S | 25 (>–2 D) | 11.2 | Yes | Yes |
Beijing10 (2003) | China | Prospective; diagnosis by clinician (20) | 1 | 6589000 | 526 | 7.98 (7.3 to 8.67) | 6.25 (5.65 to 6.86) | 0.8* (0.59 to 1.02) | 0.93 (0.69 to 1.16) | N/S | 66.5 (>–1 D) | 5.8% | Yes | No |
Iowa County4 (1982) | USA | Questionnaire survey (13) | 1 | 2824500 | 361 | 12.4 (11.5 to 14.2) | 6.1 (5.4 to 7.3) | N/S | 1.4 (1 to 2) | N/S | N/S | 3.4 | Yes | N/S |
Sao Paolo13 (2007) | Brazil | ICD-10 (16) | 1 | 3389294 | 313 | 9.2 (8.2 to 10.3) | 7.1 (6.3 to 8.1) | 1 (0.7 to 1.4) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | N/S | N/S | N/S | Yes | No |
Olmstead County, Minnesota7 (1999) | U.S.A | ICD-9 (15) | 20 | 106470 | 311 | 17.9 (15.9 to 19.9) | 12.6 (10.9 to 14.3) | 3.4 (2.46 to 4.16)* | 1.3 (0.8 to 1.7) | 41 | N/S | 6 | Yes | N/S |
Helsinki5 (1985) | Finland | Retrospective assessment (16) | 4 | 1121955 | 310 | 6.9 (5.5 to 8.7) | 5.4 (4.3 to 7) | N/S | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.6) | 56.5 | 40 (>–1 D) | 9.9 | Yes | N/S |
Split-Dalmatia County14 (1999) | Croatia | Retrospective assessment (7) | 11 | 465947 | 272 | N/S | 5.3 (4.1 to 6.2) | N/S | N/S | N/S | 46.9 (>–0.75 D) | 2.2 | No | N/S |
Kumamoto15 (1995) | Japan | Retrospective assessment (17) | 1 | 1840300 | 192 | 10.4 (9 to 12) | 9.8 (8.5 to 11.4) | N/S | 0.2 (0 to 0.5) | N/S | –3.7±5 D‡ | 4.2 | Yes | N/S |
Auckland16 (2004) | New Zealand | Prospective; diagnosis by clinician (20) | 1 | 1205694 | 146 | 11.8 (9.8 to 13.7) | 6.1 (4.7 to 7.6) | 4.1 (3 to 5.4) | 2 (1.3 to 3) | N/S | 23 (>–6 D) | 3.5 | Yes | No |
Wolverhampton12 (2003) | UK | Retrospective assessment (15) | 5 | 248600 | 140 | 11.3 (9.48 to 13.3) | 9.7 (8 to 11.4) | 1.2 (0.68 to 2) | 0.7 (0.34 to 1.38) | N/S | N/S | N/S | Yes | N/S |
Walsall12 (2003) | UK | Retrospective assessment (15) | 5 | 259517 | 83 | 6.3 (5.1 to 7.92) | 5.4 (4.28 to 6.9) | 0.9 (0.48 to 1.62) | 0.5 (0.22 to 1.12) | N/S | N/S | N/S | Yes | N/S |
Shanghai11 (2002) | China | Prospective; population survey (13) | 4 | 108132 | 61 | 14.4 (10 to 18.6) | N/S | N/S | 6.5 (2.6 to 13.3) | N/S | 68.8 (>–3 D) | 9.8 | Yes | No |
Rochester, Minnesota2 (1982) | USA | Retrospective assessment (14) | 8 | 494505 | 45 | 9.1 (6.6 to 12.2) | N/S | N/S | N/S | N/S | 35.5 (>–1 D) | 6.7 | No | No |