Table 1

Comparison of children with or without myopia by risk factors

		Myopic^* (≤−0.5 D, n=301)		Non-myopic^* (>−0.5 D, n=2338)		p Value
	N	n		n		p Value
Father's education
No/primary school (reference)	269	30	11.2%	239	88.8%
Secondary school/ N- or O-Level	773	86	11.1%	687	88.9%
Diploma/ITE/Certificate/A-level	707	77	10.9%	630	89.1%
University education	826	101	12.2%	725	87.8%	0.85^‡
No of myopic parents
0	757	67	8.9%	690	91.1%
1	1003	96	9.6%	907	90.4%
2	874	138	15.8%	736	84.2%	<0.001^‡
Hours of total near work activities per day	2629	299	4.00 (2.74)	2330	4.70 (2.86)	<0.001^†
Reading activities
Age of start reading (years)	1798	171	2.20 (1.04)	1627	2.60 (1.20)	<0.001^†
No of books read per week	1720	165	5.90 (7.74)	1555	4.87 (7.44)	0.10^†
Reads words alone
Yes	994	156	15.7%	838	84.3%
No	1613	139	8.6%	1474	91.4%	<0.001^‡
Reads picture books alone
Yes	581	100	17.2%	481	82.8%
No	2037	196	9.6%	1841	90.4%	<0.001^‡
Preschool activities
Attends preschool
Yes	166	21	12.7%	145	87.3%
No	1744	157	9.0%	1587	91.0%	0.12^‡
Age of starting preschool (years)	1749	158	2.55 (0.83)	1591	2.73 (0.87)	0.01^†
Hours of preschool per day	1752	158	4.81 (3.23)	1594	5.43 (3.23)	0.02^†
Tuition outside school
Yes	2224	267	12.0%	1957	88.0%
No	415	34	8.2%	381	91.8%	0.03^‡
Hours of tuition outside school per day	415	34	2.80 (3.41)	381	2.20 (2.05)	0.11^†
Hours of leisure activities per day	2621	299	0.14 (0.35)	2322	0.18 (0.47)	0.04^†
Hours of total outdoor activity per day	2634	300	0.77 (1.06)	2334	0.86 (1.22)	<0.17^†
Hours of outdoor sports per day	683	65	0.35 (0.38)	618	0.33 (0.37)	0.56^†
Plays in nearby garden
Yes	832	103	12.4%	729	87.6%
No	960	105	10.9%	855	89.1%	0.34^‡

A-Level, advanced level; ITE, Institute of Technical Education; N-Level, normal-level; O-Level, ordinary-level.
↵* Mean (SD) for continuous variables, percentages for categorical variables.
↵† t test.
↵‡ χ² test.