Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics stratified by severity of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
| Characteristics | All (N=3252) | No AMD (N=3070) | Early AMD (N=159) | Late AMD (N=23) | p Value |
| Gender (%) | |||||
| Male | 48.1 | 47.4 | 59.1 | 69.6 | 0.002 |
| Age (%) | |||||
| 40–49 | 24.8 | 25.9 | 8.8 | 0.0 | <0.001 |
| 50–59 | 29.1 | 29.9 | 17.0 | 8.7 | |
| 60–69 | 23.8 | 23.5 | 31.5 | 13.0 | |
| 70–80 | 22.2 | 20.7 | 42.8 | 78.3 | |
| Ethnicity (%) | |||||
| Malay | 65.4 | 65.5 | 64.8 | 56.5 | 0.422 |
| Boyanese | 12.2 | 12.2 | 11.9 | 17.4 | |
| Javanese | 20.1 | 20.1 | 20.1 | 17.4 | |
| Others/missing | 2.2 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 8.7 | |
| Education (%) | |||||
| Primary | 74.9 | 74.2 | 91.1 | 95.7 | <0.001 |
| Secondary | 18.4 | 19.0 | 7.1 | 4.3 | |
| Postsecondary | 6.5 | 6.8 | 1.9 | 0.0 | |
| Income (%) | |||||
| <1000 | 56.4 | 56.0 | 60.1 | 78.3 | 0.002 |
| 1000–2000 | 20.1 | 20.5 | 15.1 | 4.5 | |
| 2000–3000 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 3.8 | 0.0 | |
| >3000 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 0.0 | |
| Retired | 12.8 | 12.3 | 20.3 | 13.6 | |
| Smoking status (%) | |||||
| Never | 61.5 | 61.8 | 58.2 | 39.1 | 0.008 |
| Current | 20.3 | 20.5 | 15.2 | 34.8 | |
| Past | 18.2 | 17.7 | 26.6 | 26.1 | |
| Hypertension (%) | |||||
| Absent | 31.5 | 32.4 | 16.4 | 13.0 | <0.001 |
| Present | 68.5 | 67.6 | 83.6 | 87.0 | |
| Diabetes (%) | |||||
| Absent | 76.7 | 76.7 | 78.0 | 69.6 | 0.670 |
| Present | 23.3 | 23.3 | 22.0 | 30.4 | |
| Stroke (%) | |||||
| Absent | 2.5 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 0.712 |
| Present | 97.5 | 97.6 | 96.9 | 95.7 | |
| Present | 12.5 | 8.7 | 79.9 | 52.2 | |
| Eye condition (%) | |||||
| Absent | 52.9 | 54.1 | 37.1 | 26.1 | <0.001 |
| Present | 46.9 | 45.9 | 62.9 | 73.9 | |
| PVA—better eye (logMAR) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.21 (0.23) | 0.20 (0.23) | 0.29 (0.25) | 0.40 (0.30) | <0.001 |
| PVA—worse eye (logMAR) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 0.33 (0.27) | 0.32 (0.27) | 0.43 (0.27) | 0.51 (0.31) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 26.4 (5.11) | 26.4 (5.09) | 26.1 (5.64) | 25.3 (4.20) | 0.488 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.8 (3.68) | 6.8 (3.68) | 6.7 (3.90) | 6.70 (3.03) | 0.913 |
logMAR, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; PVA, presenting visual acuity.