Logistic regression analysis of the association between diabetic retinopathy (DR) and socio-demographic and diabetes characteristics
| N | Diabetic retinopathy (%) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)* | |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 50–59 | 257 | 79 (31) | Reference | Reference |
| 60–69 | 166 | 64 (39) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.3) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.5) |
| 70–79 | 113 | 41 (36) | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.2) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.6) |
| ≥80 | 59 | 35 (59) | 3.3 (1.7 to 6.1) | 3.9 (2.2 to 6.8) |
| P for trend | 0.002 | p<0.001 | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 314 | 127 (41) | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 281 | 92 (33) | 0.7 (0.5 to 1.1) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.5) |
| p Value | 0.10 | 0.83 | ||
| Education | ||||
| No formal education | 428 | 155 (36) | Reference | Reference |
| Primary education | 83 | 31 (37) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.8) | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.2) |
| Secondary education | 42 | 17 (41) | 1.2 (0.7 to 2.2) | 1.5 (0.7 to 2.9) |
| Higher education | 42 | 16 (38) | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.8) | 1.5 (0.8 to 3.0) |
| p for trend | 0.59 | 0.14 | ||
| Nationality | ||||
| Saudi | 546 | 200 (37) | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Saudi | 49 | 19 (39) | 1.0 (0.5 to 2.0) | 1.2 (0.6 to 2.2) |
| p Value | 0.78 | 0.66 | ||
| Random blood glucose | ||||
| <200 mg/dl | 229 | 64 (28) | Reference | Reference |
| 200–399 mg/dl | 290 | 118 (41) | 1.8 (1.3 to 2.5) | 1.9 (1.4 to 2.7) |
| ≥400 mg/dl | 68 | 36 (53) | 2.9 (1.8 to 4.7) | 3.3 (2.0 to 5.4) |
| p for trend | <0.001 | p<0.001 | ||
| Diabetes | ||||
| Newly diagnosed | 57 | 16 (28) | Reference | Reference |
| Previous diagnosis | 538 | 203 (38) | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.0) | 1.8 (0.9 to 3.8) |
| p Value | 0.19 | 0.10 | ||
↵* Adjusted for other variables in the table.